SNOW-3494628: Fix indeterministic error reporting for async job no_result

[sfc-gh-mayliu]

1. Which Jira issue is this PR addressing? Make sure that there is an accompanying issue to your PR.

   Fixes SNOW-3494628

2. Fill out the following pre-review checklist:

   • I am adding a new automated test(s) to verify correctness of my new code
     • If this test skips Local Testing mode, I'm requesting review from @snowflakedb/local-testing
   • I am adding new logging messages
   • I am adding a new telemetry message
   • I am adding new credentials
   • I am adding a new dependency
   • If this is a new feature/behavior, I'm adding the Local Testing parity changes.
   • I acknowledge that I have ensured my changes to be thread-safe. Follow the link for more information: Thread-safe Developer Guidelines
   • If adding any arguments to public Snowpark APIs or creating new public Snowpark APIs, I acknowledge that I have ensured my changes include AST support. Follow the link for more information: AST Support Guidelines

3. Please describe how your code solves the related issue.

   Please write a short description of how your code change solves the related issue.
   Fix AsyncJob.result("no_result") silently returning None for failed queries. The root cause is a race condition: is_still_running(status) returns False for both SUCCESS and every terminal failure state, and NO_RESULT is the only result type that doesn't trigger the prefetch hook to surface the failure later, so a failure that wasn't visible at the upfront synchronous status check would silently fall through.

Repro steps:

    for i in range(30):
        job = session.sql("select 1/0").collect_nowait()
        try:
            job.result("no_result")
            buckets["silent_none"] += 1
        except Exception:
            buckets["raised"] += 1

Without the fix, silent_none indeterministically returns 6/30 silent failures, exact number varies from run-to-run.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 94.80%. Comparing base (e8c08d5) to head (5e6407b).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #4221      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   95.04%   94.80%   -0.25%     
==========================================
  Files         171      171              
  Lines       43876    43877       +1     
  Branches     7525     7525              
==========================================
- Hits        41701    41596     -105     
- Misses       1368     1435      +67     
- Partials      807      846      +39     

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