SQL: Query topics

[kbatuigas]

Description

This pull request updates and expands the Redpanda SQL documentation to clarify table mapping, schema requirements, and streaming topic queries. It refines the CREATE TABLE reference, introduces new how-to guides for querying topics, and streamlines catalog documentation.

Documentation improvements for querying and mapping topics:

• Added a new "Query streaming topics" how-to guide (query-streaming-topics.adoc) that walks users through mapping a Redpanda topic to a SQL table and running analytical queries directly on live data. This guide covers prerequisites, table creation, querying, and links to further resources.
• Introduced a new index page for querying data (query-data/index.adoc) to provide an entry point for users learning to query Redpanda topics with SQL.

Enhancements and clarifications in the SQL reference:

• Updated the CREATE TABLE documentation to clarify that schema_subject is required and that Redpanda SQL needs a schema to query a topic. Improved the explanation of struct_mapping_policy, especially regarding handling of nested and recursive types, and added documentation for the confluent_wire_protocol option. [1] [2]
• Improved and updated SQL usage examples to demonstrate required options and multi-message Protobuf schema usage in table creation.

Catalog documentation simplification:

• Replaced the detailed "Redpanda Catalogs" reference page with a stub, likely to be reworked or replaced by more focused documentation elsewhere.

Resolves https://github.com/redpanda-data/documentation-private/issues/
Review deadline: 21 May

Page previews

Checks

• New feature
• Content gap
• Support Follow-up
• Small fix (typos, links, copyedits, etc)

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