[compiler] Phase 2+7: Wrap pipeline passes in tryRecord for fault tolerance

[josephsavona]

• Change runWithEnvironment/run/compileFn to return Result<CodegenFunction, CompilerError>
• Wrap all pipeline passes in env.tryRecord() to catch and record CompilerErrors
• Record inference pass errors via env.recordErrors() instead of throwing
• Handle codegen Result explicitly, returning Err on failure
• Add final error check: return Err(env.aggregateErrors()) if any errors accumulated
• Update tryCompileFunction and retryCompileFunction in Program.ts to handle Result
• Keep lint-only passes using env.logErrors() (non-blocking)
• Update 52 test fixture expectations that now report additional errors

This is the core integration that enables fault tolerance: errors are caught,
recorded, and the pipeline continues to discover more errors.

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• [compiler] Fix Pipeline.ts early-exit, formatting, and style issues #35853
• [compiler] Rename mismatched variable names after type changes #35852
• [compiler] Remove local CompilerError accumulators, emit directly to env.recordError() #35851
• [compiler] Remove tryRecord, add catch-all error handling, fix remaining throws #35850
• [compiler] Cleanup: consistent tryRecord() wrapping and error recording #35849
• [compiler] Add fault tolerance test fixtures #35848
• [compiler] Phase 3: Make lower() always produce HIRFunction #35847
• [compiler] Phase 8: Add multi-error test fixture and update plan #35845
• [compiler] Phase 4 (batch 2), 5, 6: Update remaining passes for fault tolerance #35844
• [compiler] Phase 4 (batch 1): Update validation passes to record errors on env #35843
• -> [compiler] Phase 2+7: Wrap pipeline passes in tryRecord for fault tolerance #35842
• [compiler] Phase 1: Add error accumulation infrastructure to Environment #35841
• [compiler] Add fault tolerance plan document #35840