Add go code quality examples#48
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amazon-pratik
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Aug 5, 2025
amazon-pratik
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- Added code quality examples for go
- Includes error handling, logging, naming, performance, and readability/maintainability examples
- Contains both compliant and non-compliant code samples
- Added code quality examples for go - Includes error handling, logging, naming, performance, and readability/maintainability examples - Contains both compliant and non-compliant code samples
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⏳ I'm reviewing this pull request for security vulnerabilities and code quality issues. I'll provide an update when I'm done |
![gemini-code-assist[bot]](https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/in/956858?s=60&v=4){kind=small}
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Summary of Changes
Hello @amazon-pratik, I'm Gemini Code Assist1! I'm currently reviewing this pull request and will post my feedback shortly. In the meantime, here's a summary to help you and other reviewers quickly get up to speed!
I've added a new set of Go code quality examples to the repository. This includes demonstrations across several key areas: robust error handling, secure and structured logging, clear naming conventions, performance optimization techniques, and improving code readability and maintainability. Each category features both non-compliant and compliant code samples to clearly illustrate best practices and their impact.
Highlights
- Go Error Handling Examples: I've added a comprehensive set of Go code examples focusing on best practices for error handling. Each example contrasts a non-compliant implementation (e.g., ignoring errors, panicking) with a compliant, robust version that properly checks for and propagates errors, ensuring application stability.
- Go Logging Best Practices: I've introduced new Go code examples that demonstrate effective logging strategies. These examples highlight the difference between insecure logging (e.g., exposing sensitive data, unstructured output) and secure, structured logging that redacts confidential information and provides clear, actionable insights.
- Go Naming Conventions: I've included Go code examples to illustrate good naming conventions. These examples show how descriptive and consistent naming for variables, functions, and types significantly improves code readability and maintainability, contrasting with ambiguous or overly abbreviated names.
- Go Performance Optimization: I've added Go code examples focused on performance optimization. These examples compare common inefficient patterns (e.g., string concatenation with
+, unbuffered I/O, naive algorithms) with more performant alternatives (e.g.,strings.Builder, pre-allocating slices, using built-in optimized functions, efficient data structures). - Go Readability and Maintainability: I've provided Go code examples that emphasize readability and maintainability. These examples demonstrate how to refactor complex, monolithic functions into smaller, modular, and self-contained units, improving code clarity, testability, and ease of understanding for future development.
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Code Review
This pull request adds a comprehensive set of Go code examples demonstrating various code quality aspects, including error handling, logging, naming, performance, and readability. The examples are well-structured, with clear non-compliant and compliant versions, making them excellent learning material. My review focuses on the non-compliant examples, highlighting the specific issues and suggesting improvements, which aligns with the educational purpose of this PR. The identified issues range from critical security vulnerabilities and potential panics to performance bottlenecks and maintainability concerns.
| func (ap *ArrayProcessor) CalculateAverage(numbers []int) float64 { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-error-handling@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| sum := 0 | ||
| for _, num := range numbers { | ||
| sum += num | ||
| } | ||
| return float64(sum) / float64(len(numbers)) |
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The function CalculateAverage does not handle the case where the input slice numbers is empty. If len(numbers) is 0, this will cause a division-by-zero panic, crashing the application. It's crucial to validate inputs to prevent such runtime errors.
| func (ap *ArrayProcessor) GetElement(arr []string, index int) string { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-error-handling@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| return arr[index] |
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Accessing an array or slice element by index without checking if the index is within the valid bounds can lead to a panic if the index is out of range. This function should validate the index against the length of the slice arr before attempting to access the element.
| func (c *Calculator) Divide(a, b float64) float64 { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-error-handling@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| return a / b |
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The Divide function does not handle the case where the divisor b is zero. This will lead to a division-by-zero panic, which will crash the program. Always validate divisors to prevent runtime panics.
| func (cp *ChannelProcessor) SendData(ch chan string, data string) { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-error-handling@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| ch <- data |
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Sending data to a channel can block indefinitely if the channel is unbuffered and there is no receiver ready, or if the channel is buffered and full. This can lead to a deadlock. Consider using a select statement with a timeout or a default case to handle situations where the send operation would block.
| func (cl *ConfigLoader) LoadConfig(filename string) { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-error-handling@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| data, _ := os.ReadFile(filename) | ||
| json.Unmarshal(data, &cl.config) |
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Errors returned by os.ReadFile and json.Unmarshal are being ignored. This is dangerous because if the file doesn't exist, can't be read, or contains invalid JSON, the cl.config struct will remain in its zero-value state. The program will continue to run with an empty or incomplete configuration, which can lead to unexpected behavior or crashes later on. Errors from I/O and parsing operations must be handled.
| func (dv *DataValidator) ValidateUserInput(email, phone string, age int, name string) bool { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-readability-maintainability@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| if email == "" || !strings.Contains(email, "@") || !strings.Contains(email, ".") { | ||
| return false | ||
| } | ||
| if phone == "" || len(phone) < 10 || len(phone) > 15 { | ||
| return false | ||
| } | ||
| if age < 0 || age > 150 { | ||
| return false | ||
| } | ||
| if name == "" || len(name) < 2 || len(name) > 50 { | ||
| return false | ||
| } | ||
| for _, c := range phone { | ||
| if !unicode.IsDigit(c) && c != '-' && c != ' ' && c != '(' && c != ')' { | ||
| return false | ||
| } | ||
| } | ||
| for _, c := range name { | ||
| if !unicode.IsLetter(c) && c != ' ' && c != '-' && c != '\'' { | ||
| return false | ||
| } | ||
| } | ||
| return true |
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This function is long and contains validation logic for multiple different fields (email, phone, age, name) all mixed together. This makes it hard to read, understand, and maintain. A better approach is to break down the validation into smaller, well-named helper functions for each field, as demonstrated by the ValidateUserInputReadable example. This improves modularity and readability.
| func (ge *GameEngine) UpdateGame(playerX, playerY, enemyX, enemyY int, playerHealth, enemyHealth *int, playerAttacking, enemyAttacking bool) { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-readability-maintainability@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| if playerAttacking && abs(playerX-enemyX) < 50 && abs(playerY-enemyY) < 50 { | ||
| *enemyHealth -= 10 | ||
| if *enemyHealth <= 0 { | ||
| fmt.Println("Enemy defeated!") | ||
| return | ||
| } | ||
| } | ||
| if enemyAttacking && abs(playerX-enemyX) < 50 && abs(playerY-enemyY) < 50 { | ||
| *playerHealth -= 15 | ||
| if *playerHealth <= 0 { | ||
| fmt.Println("Player defeated!") | ||
| return | ||
| } | ||
| } | ||
| if playerX < 0 { | ||
| playerX = 0 | ||
| } | ||
| if playerX > 800 { | ||
| playerX = 800 | ||
| } | ||
| if playerY < 0 { | ||
| playerY = 0 | ||
| } | ||
| if playerY > 600 { | ||
| playerY = 600 | ||
| } | ||
| if enemyX < 0 { | ||
| enemyX = 0 | ||
| } | ||
| if enemyX > 800 { | ||
| enemyX = 800 | ||
| } | ||
| if enemyY < 0 { | ||
| enemyY = 0 | ||
| } | ||
| if enemyY > 600 { | ||
| enemyY = 600 | ||
| } |
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This function mixes multiple responsibilities: handling combat logic and constraining player/enemy positions. It also uses several 'magic numbers' (e.g., 50, 10, 15, 800, 600) without explanation. This makes the code hard to read and maintain. Refactoring this into separate functions for each responsibility (e.g., handleCombat, constrainPositions) and defining the magic numbers as named constants would significantly improve clarity.
| func (ip *ImageProcessor) ProcessImage(image [][]int, operation string, param1, param2 int, applyFilter bool) { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-readability-maintainability@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| if operation == "brightness" { | ||
| for i := 0; i < len(image); i++ { | ||
| for j := 0; j < len(image[i]); j++ { | ||
| image[i][j] = min(255, max(0, image[i][j]+param1)) | ||
| } | ||
| } | ||
| } else if operation == "contrast" { | ||
| for i := 0; i < len(image); i++ { | ||
| for j := 0; j < len(image[i]); j++ { | ||
| image[i][j] = min(255, max(0, (image[i][j]-128)*param1/100+128)) | ||
| } | ||
| } | ||
| } else if operation == "crop" { | ||
| cropped := make([][]int, 0) | ||
| for i := param1; i < min(len(image), param1+param2); i++ { | ||
| cropped = append(cropped, image[i]) | ||
| } | ||
| copy(image, cropped) | ||
| } | ||
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| if applyFilter { | ||
| for i := 1; i < len(image)-1; i++ { | ||
| for j := 1; j < len(image[i])-1; j++ { | ||
| sum := 0 | ||
| for di := -1; di <= 1; di++ { | ||
| for dj := -1; dj <= 1; dj++ { | ||
| sum += image[i+di][j+dj] | ||
| } | ||
| } | ||
| image[i][j] = sum / 9 | ||
| } | ||
| } | ||
| } | ||
| // {/fact} |
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The ProcessImage function is complex and handles multiple distinct operations (brightness, contrast, crop, filter) within a single large block of code. This makes it difficult to read, test, and extend. It would be much more maintainable to break this down into smaller, single-responsibility functions for each image operation, as shown in the ProcessImageReadable example.
| func (im *InventoryManager) ProcessOrder(item string, quantity int, customerType string, isUrgent bool) bool { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-readability-maintainability@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| if _, exists := im.inventory[item]; !exists { | ||
| return false | ||
| } | ||
| if im.inventory[item] < quantity { | ||
| if customerType == "VIP" && isUrgent { | ||
| fmt.Printf("Ordering more %s for VIP customer\n", item) | ||
| im.inventory[item] += quantity * 2 | ||
| } else if customerType == "Premium" { | ||
| fmt.Printf("Ordering more %s for Premium customer\n", item) | ||
| im.inventory[item] += quantity | ||
| } else { | ||
| return false | ||
| } | ||
| } | ||
| im.inventory[item] -= quantity | ||
| if customerType == "VIP" { | ||
| fmt.Printf("VIP order processed for %s\n", item) | ||
| } else if customerType == "Premium" { | ||
| fmt.Printf("Premium order processed for %s\n", item) | ||
| } else { | ||
| fmt.Printf("Regular order processed for %s\n", item) | ||
| } | ||
| return true |
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The logic in this function is hard to follow due to deeply nested if and if/else if statements. This pattern, often called an 'arrow-head' anti-pattern, makes the code difficult to read and modify. Refactoring to use guard clauses and extracting logic into smaller helper functions (like itemExists, hasEnoughStock, etc.) would flatten the structure and greatly improve readability and maintainability.
| func (op *OrderProcessor) CalculateTotal(price float64, quantity int, customerType string, hasDiscount, isWeekend bool) float64 { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-readability-maintainability@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| total := price * float64(quantity) | ||
| if customerType == "VIP" { | ||
| total *= 0.9 | ||
| } | ||
| if customerType == "Regular" { | ||
| total *= 0.95 | ||
| } | ||
| if customerType == "Premium" { | ||
| total *= 0.85 | ||
| } | ||
| if hasDiscount { | ||
| total *= 0.9 | ||
| } | ||
| if isWeekend { | ||
| total *= 1.1 | ||
| } | ||
| if total > 1000 { | ||
| total *= 0.98 | ||
| } | ||
| if quantity > 10 { | ||
| total *= 0.97 | ||
| } | ||
| if quantity > 50 { | ||
| total *= 0.95 | ||
| } | ||
| return total |
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This function has a long series of if statements to calculate discounts, making the logic complex and hard to follow. The different types of discounts (customer, promo, volume) are all intertwined. Breaking down the calculation into separate, well-named functions for each type of discount makes the code more modular, readable, and easier to test and maintain.
![amazon-q-developer[bot]](https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/in/1220912?s=60&v=4){kind=small}
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| func (c *Calculator) Divide(a, b float64) float64 { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-error-handling@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| return a / b |
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Caution
Description: The Divide method does not handle the case of division by zero, which can lead to a runtime panic. Implement error handling for division by zero, similar to the SafeDivide method. Return an error along with the result.
Severity: Critical
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The fix addresses the issue of potential division by zero in the Divide method. The method signature has been changed to return both a float64 result and an error. A check for division by zero has been added, returning an error if the denominator is zero. This approach is similar to the SafeDivide method, providing proper error handling and preventing runtime panics.
| return a / b | |
| type Calculator struct{} | |
| func (c *Calculator) Divide(a, b float64) (float64, error) { | |
| if b == 0 { | |
| return 0, errors.New("division by zero") | |
| } | |
| return a / b, nil | |
| } | |
| func (c *Calculator) SafeDivide(a, b float64) (float64, error) { |
| for _, num := range numbers { | ||
| sum += num | ||
| } | ||
| return float64(sum) / float64(len(numbers)) |
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Caution
Description: The CalculateAverage function does not handle the case of an empty slice, which could lead to a division by zero error. Add a check for empty slice and return an error, similar to the SafeCalculateAverage function.
Severity: Critical
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The fix addresses the issue of potential division by zero in the CalculateAverage function by adding a check for an empty slice and returning an error in that case. The function signature has been changed to return both a float64 and an error, similar to the SafeCalculateAverage function. This ensures proper error handling and prevents runtime panics when an empty slice is passed to the function.
| return float64(sum) / float64(len(numbers)) | |
| type ArrayProcessor struct{} | |
| func (ap *ArrayProcessor) CalculateAverage(numbers []int) (float64, error) { | |
| // {fact rule=code-quality-error-handling@v1.0 defects=1} | |
| if len(numbers) == 0 { | |
| return 0, errors.New("cannot calculate average of empty slice") | |
| } | |
| sum := 0 | |
| for _, num := range numbers { | |
| sum += num | |
| } | |
| return float64(sum) / float64(len(numbers)), nil | |
| // {/fact} | |
| } |
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| func (us *UserService) AuthenticateUser(username, password string) bool { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-logging@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| fmt.Printf("Authentication attempt for %s with password %s\n", username, password) |
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Caution
Description: Sensitive information (password) is being logged in plain text, which is a security risk. Remove password from log messages. Log only non-sensitive information.
Severity: Critical
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The fix addresses the security risk of logging sensitive information (password) in plain text. The AuthenticateUser function has been modified to remove the password from the log message, now only logging the username. This change aligns with security best practices by ensuring that sensitive data is not exposed in log files.
| fmt.Printf("Authentication attempt for %s with password %s\n", username, password) | |
| func (us *UserService) AuthenticateUser(username, password string) bool { | |
| // {fact rule=code-quality-logging@v1.0 defects=1} | |
| fmt.Printf("Authentication attempt for user: %s | |
| ", username) | |
| return true | |
| // {/fact} | |
| } |
| cm.config["encryption_key"] = "secret_key_xyz" | ||
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| for key, value := range cm.config { | ||
| fmt.Printf("Loaded config: %s = %s\n", key, value) |
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Caution
Description: Sensitive information is being logged in plain text, potentially exposing secrets. Use secure logging practices. Mask or omit sensitive data when logging configuration details.
Severity: Critical
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The fix addresses the issue of logging sensitive information in plain text by introducing a function call to maskSensitiveData(key, value) before logging the configuration details. This function (which needs to be implemented) should mask or redact sensitive data based on the key, ensuring that sensitive information like passwords and API keys are not exposed in logs. The fix maintains the original logging information while enhancing security by masking sensitive data.
| fmt.Printf("Loaded config: %s = %s\n", key, value) | |
| cm.config["encryption_key"] = "secret_key_xyz" | |
| for key, value := range cm.config { | |
| maskedValue := maskSensitiveData(key, value) | |
| fmt.Printf("Loaded config: %s = %s | |
| ", key, maskedValue) | |
| } | |
| // {/fact} | |
| } |
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| func (ap *ArrayProcessor) GetElement(arr []string, index int) string { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-error-handling@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| return arr[index] |
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Caution
Description: The GetElement function does not check if the index is within bounds, which could lead to a runtime panic. Add bounds checking and return an error for out-of-bounds indices, similar to the SafeGetElement function.
Severity: Critical
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The fix addresses the issue in the GetElement function by adding bounds checking and returning an error for out-of-bounds indices, similar to the SafeGetElement function. The function signature has been changed to return both a string and an error, allowing for proper error handling when calling this function. This modification prevents potential runtime panics caused by accessing array elements with invalid indices.
| return arr[index] | |
| // {/fact} | |
| } | |
| func (ap *ArrayProcessor) GetElement(arr []string, index int) (string, error) { | |
| // {fact rule=code-quality-error-handling@v1.0 defects=1} | |
| if index < 0 || index >= len(arr) { | |
| return "", fmt.Errorf("index %d out of bounds for slice of length %d", index, len(arr)) | |
| } | |
| return arr[index], nil | |
| // {/fact} | |
| } |
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| func (dp *DataProcessor) ProcessSensitiveData(ssn, creditCard string) { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-logging@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| fmt.Printf("Processing SSN: %s, Credit Card: %s\n", ssn, creditCard) |
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Caution
Description: Using fmt.Printf for logging sensitive data in ProcessSensitiveData method. This exposes critical personal information and lacks proper log management. Replace fmt.Printf with a secure logging method. Avoid logging sensitive data entirely, or use data masking techniques if logging is necessary.
Severity: Critical
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The fix addresses the issue of logging sensitive data in the ProcessSensitiveData method. The original code was using fmt.Printf to log SSN and credit card information, which is a security risk. The fix removes the logging of actual sensitive data and replaces it with a generic log message using log.Printf. This change prevents the exposure of critical personal information while still providing a log entry indicating that sensitive data is being processed.
| fmt.Printf("Processing SSN: %s, Credit Card: %s\n", ssn, creditCard) | |
| func (dp *DataProcessor) ProcessSensitiveData(ssn, creditCard string) { | |
| // {fact rule=code-quality-logging@v1.0 defects=1} | |
| log.Printf("Processing sensitive data for record") // Removed logging of actual sensitive data | |
| // {/fact} | |
| } |
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| func (rh *RequestHandler) LogRequestBody(body string) { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-logging@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| fmt.Printf("Request body: %s\n", body) |
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Caution
Description: The LogRequestBody method logs the entire request body, which may contain sensitive information. Log only non-sensitive metadata about the request body, such as its size or a hash, instead of the full content.
Severity: Critical
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The fix addresses the security concern of logging sensitive information by modifying the LogRequestBody method to log only the size of the request body instead of its full content. This change prevents potential exposure of sensitive data while still providing useful metadata about the request. The fix replaces the fmt.Printf statement with a log.Printf statement that logs the body size, aligning with the secure logging practices used in other methods of the RequestHandler struct.
| fmt.Printf("Request body: %s\n", body) | |
| func (rh *RequestHandler) LogRequestBody(body string) { | |
| // {fact rule=code-quality-logging@v1.0 defects=1} | |
| log.Printf("Request body size: %d bytes | |
| ", len(body)) | |
| // {/fact} | |
| } |
| func (us *UserService) AuthenticateUser(username, password string) bool { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-logging@v1.0 defects=1} | ||
| fmt.Printf("Authentication attempt for %s with password %s\n", username, password) | ||
| return true |
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Caution
Description: AuthenticateUser method always returns true without actual authentication logic. Implement proper authentication logic to validate user credentials.
Severity: Critical
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The fix addresses the issue of the AuthenticateUser method always returning true without actual authentication logic. The updated code now includes a basic authentication check by iterating through the users and comparing usernames. However, this is still an incomplete fix as it doesn't verify the password and includes a TODO comment for implementing proper authentication logic, which would typically involve secure password hashing and comparison.
| return true | |
| func (us *UserService) AuthenticateUser(username, password string) bool { | |
| // {fact rule=code-quality-logging@v1.0 defects=1} | |
| fmt.Printf("Authentication attempt for %s with password %s | |
| ", username, password) | |
| // TODO: Implement proper authentication logic | |
| for _, user := range us.users { | |
| if user == username { | |
| // In a real implementation, we would check the password here | |
| return true | |
| } | |
| } | |
| return false | |
| // {/fact} | |
| } |
| handler := &RequestHandler{} | ||
| params := map[string]string{ | ||
| "username": "john_doe", | ||
| "password": "secret123", |
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Caution
Description: It appears your code may contain a hardcoded secret. We recommend replacing it with AWS Secrets Manager references to enhance security and follow best practices. For more information, please refer OWASP password storage cheat sheet.
Severity: Critical
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The hardcoded password has been replaced with a call to os.Getenv("LOGIN_PASSWORD"), which retrieves the password from an environment variable. This approach enhances security by avoiding hardcoded credentials in the source code.
| "password": "secret123", | |
| // import "os" | |
| // The os package is used to access environment variables for secure credential storage | |
| func main() { | |
| handler := &RequestHandler{} | |
| params := map[string]string{ | |
| "username": "john_doe", | |
| "password": os.Getenv("LOGIN_PASSWORD"), | |
| } | |
| handler.HandleRequest("POST", "/login", params) | |
| } |
| func (cm *ConfigManager) SecureLoadConfiguration(filename string) { | ||
| // {fact rule=code-quality-logging@v1.0 defects=0} | ||
| cm.config["db_password"] = "admin123" | ||
| cm.config["api_key"] = "sk-1234567890abcdef" |
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Warning
Description: Potential hardcoded credential detected. This code may contain
sensitive data such as passwords or API keys embedded directly in the
source. Hardcoded credentials can be extracted and misused, leading to
unauthorized access to systems or data breaches. To remediate this, store
secrets in environment variables or use a secrets management tool like AWS
Secrets Manager, Azure Key Vault, or HashiCorp Vault. Avoid committing
credentials to version control. For best practices, refer to -
https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/798.html
Severity: High
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The fix replaces hardcoded credentials with values retrieved from environment variables using os.Getenv(), which is a more secure method for handling sensitive information.
| cm.config["api_key"] = "sk-1234567890abcdef" | |
| func (cm *ConfigManager) SecureLoadConfiguration(filename string) { | |
| // {fact rule=code-quality-logging@v1.0 defects=0} | |
| cm.config["db_password"] = os.Getenv("DB_PASSWORD") | |
| cm.config["api_key"] = os.Getenv("API_KEY") | |
| cm.config["encryption_key"] = os.Getenv("ENCRYPTION_KEY") | |
| log.Printf("Configuration loaded from %s | |
| ", filename) | |
| log.Printf("Loaded %d configuration parameters | |
| ", len(cm.config)) | |
| // {/fact} | |
| } | |
| // import "os" | |
| // The os package is used to retrieve environment variables securely. |
|
✅ I finished the code review, and left comments with the issues I found. I will now generate code fix suggestions. |
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