Matplot++

A C++ Graphics Library for Data Visualization

Data visualization can help programmers and scientists identify trends in their data and efficiently communicate these results with their peers. Modern C++ is being used for a variety of scientific applications, and this environment can benefit considerably from graphics libraries that attend the typical design goals toward scientific data visualization. Besides the option of exporting results to other environments, the customary alternatives in C++ are either non-dedicated libraries that depend on existing user interfaces or bindings to other languages. Matplot++ is a graphics library for data visualization that provides interactive plotting, means for exporting plots in high-quality formats for scientific publications, a compact syntax consistent with similar libraries, dozens of plot categories with specialized algorithms, multiple coding styles, and supports generic backends.

READ THE DOCUMENTATION FOR A QUICK START AND EXAMPLES

Table of Contents

Gallery
Integration
Plot Types
Annotations
- Text
- Text with Arrow
- Rectangle
- Filled Polygon
- Ellipse
- Textbox
- Arrow
- Line
Appearance
- Labels
- Axis
- Grid
- Multiplot
- Colormaps
- Camera
- Figure Object
- Line Specs
- Axes Object
- Clear Axes
Exporting
- Saving (Manually)
- Saving (Programatically)
Coding styles
Community
References

Gallery

Complete Gallery

Integration

Package Managers

Vcpkg

Vcpkg users can install Matplot++ with the matplotplusplus port:

vcpkg install matplotplusplus

This formula is a contribution to vcpkg by @myd7349.

Homebrew

Mac users can install Matplot++ with Homebrew:

brew install matplotplusplus

This formula is a contribution to Homebrew by Andrew Kane.

Arch Linux

Matplot++ is available in the Arch User Repository (AUR) as matplotplusplus.

Note you can manually install the package by following the instructions on the Arch Wiki or use an AUR helper like yay (recommended for ease of install).

yay -S matplotplusplus

To discuss any issues related to this package refer to the comments section on the AUR page of matplotplusplus here.

CMake

Embed as subdirectory

You can use Matplot++ directly in CMake projects as a subproject, without installing it. This is convenient if you are experimenting with this library for the first time or don't expect your users to have Matplot++ installed on their systems.

Check if you have Cmake 3.14+ installed:

cmake --version

Clone the whole project

git clone https://github.com/alandefreitas/matplotplusplus/

and add the subdirectory to your CMake project:

add_subdirectory(matplotplusplus)

When creating your executable, link the library to the targets you want:

add_executable(my_target main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(my_target PUBLIC matplot)

Add this header to your source files:

#include <matplot/matplot.h>

However, in larger projects, it's always recommended to look for Matplot++ with find_package before including it as a subdirectory to avoid ODR errors.

Embed with automatic download

FetchContent is a CMake command that can automatically download the Matplot++ repository. Check if you have Cmake 3.14+ installed:

cmake --version

Include FetchContent in your CMake build script:

include(FetchContent)

Declare the source for the contents:

FetchContent_Declare(matplotplusplus
        GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/alandefreitas/matplotplusplus
        GIT_TAG origin/master # or whatever tag you want

Let CMake download the repository and include it as a subdirectory.

FetchContent_GetProperties(matplotplusplus)
if(NOT matplotplusplus_POPULATED)
    FetchContent_Populate(matplotplusplus)
    add_subdirectory(${matplotplusplus_SOURCE_DIR} ${matplotplusplus_BINARY_DIR} EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
endif()

When creating your executable, link the library to the targets you want:

add_executable(my_target main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(my_target PUBLIC matplot)

Then add this header to your source files:

#include <matplot/matplot.h>

However, in larger projects, it's always recommended to look for Matplot++ with find_package before including it as a subdirectory to avoid ODR errors.

Embed with CPM.cmake

CPM.cmake is a nice wrapper around the CMake FetchContent function.

Check if you have Cmake 3.14+ installed:

cmake --version

Install CPM.cmake and then use this command to add Matplot++ to your build script:

CPMAddPackage(
    NAME matplotplusplus
    GITHUB_REPOSITORY alandefreitas/matplotplusplus
    GIT_TAG origin/master # or whatever tag you want
)
# ...
target_link_libraries(my_target PUBLIC matplot)

Then add this header to your source files:

#include <matplot/matplot.h>

However, in larger projects, it's always recommended to look for Matplot++ with find_package before including it as a subdirectory to avoid ODR errors.

You can use:

option(CPM_USE_LOCAL_PACKAGES "Try `find_package` before downloading dependencies" ON)

in your build script to let CPM.cmake do that for you.

Find as External Package

If you have the library installed on your system, you can call find_package() from your CMake build script.

find_package(Matplot++ REQUIRED)

When creating your executable, link the library to the targets you want:

add_executable(my_target main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(my_target PUBLIC Matplot++::matplot)

Then add this header to your source files:

#include <matplot/matplot.h>

You can see a complete example in test/integration/CMakeLists.txt.

CMake should be able to locate the Matplot++Config.cmake script automatically if you installed the library under /usr/local/ (Linux / Mac OS). Unfortunately, there is no easy default directory for find_package on Windows.

!!! warning "Default directories"

By default, the library is likely to be in `/usr/local/` (Linux / Mac OS) or `C:/Program Files/` (Windows). The installer will try to find the directory where you usually keep your libraries but that's not always perfect.

!!! warning "Finding packages on Windows"

Unfortunately, CMake does not have a single default directory for packages on Windows like `/usr/local/lib`. If CMake cannot find Matplot++ on Windows or if you installed the library outside the default directory on Linux/Mac OS, there are a few [options](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21314893/what-is-the-default-search-path-for-find-package-in-windows-using-cmake):

* **Environment Variables**: The most reliable way to set this default directory is through environment variables. You can create an environment variable `MATPLOTPP_DIR` and then add `$ENV{MATPLOTPP_DIR}` to the `HINTS` section of the `find_package` command. This tends to be more convenient than requiring the path on the command line every time. Starting with version 3.12, CMake now implicitly considers the `<PackageName>_Root` environment variable a HINT for every `find_package` call.
* **Package Registry**: CMake offers the [Package Registry](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/v3.5/manual/cmake-packages.7.html#package-registry) as an alternative mechanism for finding package locations. CMake maintains a list of package information in the Windows registry under `HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Kitware\CMake\Packages\`.
* **Append CMAKE_MODULE_PATH**: You can append more directories to [`CMAKE_MODULE_PATH`](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/variable/CMAKE_MODULE_PATH.html) with something like `list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "C:\\Program Files\\matplotplusplus 1.0.1")`. `CMAKE_MODULE_PATH` is a list of search paths for CMake modules to be loaded by the `include()` or `find_package()` commands.
* **Set the DIR variable directly**: Directly set the `Matplot++_DIR` variable with something like `set(Matplot++_DIR "C:\\Program Files\\matplotplusplus 1.0.1\\lib\\cmake\\Matplot++")`. This might be good enough for small local projects but it is hard-coding the directory in your build script. When your library gets out of your local environment, you need to choose one of the other options above (better) or make this variable an option and require the user to provide the directory on the command line every time (worse).

Supporting Both

It's often useful to let your build script download Matplot++ when find_package fails. If using CPM.cmake, you can set the CPM_USE_LOCAL_PACKAGES option to try to find_package(Matplot++) before download Matplot++.

If using FetchContent, you can use the following pattern:

find_package(Matplot++ QUIET)
if(NOT Matplot++_FOUND)
    # Put your FetchContent or CPM.cmake script here
endif()

Install

Binary Packages

Get the binary package from the release section. These binaries refer to the last release version of Matplot++.

If you need a more recent version of Matplot++, you can download the binary packages from the CI artifacts or build the library from the source files.

Build from Source

Dependencies

C++17

Make sure your C++ compiler supports C++17:

=== "Ubuntu + GCC"

```bash
g++ --version
```

=== "Mac Os + Clang"

```bash
clang --version
```

=== "Windows + MSVC"

!!! warning ""
    * Visit the [Visual Studio](https://visualstudio.microsoft.com) website
    * Download Git from [https://git-scm.com/download/win](https://git-scm.com/download/win) and install it

The output should be something like:

=== "Ubuntu + GCC"

```console
g++-8 (Ubuntu 8.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) 8.4.0
```

=== "Mac Os + Clang"

```console
Apple clang version 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)
```

=== "Windows + MSVC"

!!! warning ""
    * Visit the [Visual Studio](https://visualstudio.microsoft.com) website
    * Download Git from [https://git-scm.com/download/win](https://git-scm.com/download/win) and install it

If you need to update your compiler:

=== "Ubuntu + GCC"

```bash
# install GCC-8
sudo apt update
sudo apt install gcc-8
sudo apt install g++-8
```

To update to any other version, like GCC-9 or GCC-10:

```bash
sudo apt install build-essential
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt install g++-10
```

Once you installed a newer version of GCC, you can link it to `update-alternatives`. For instance, if you have GCC-7 and GCC-10, you can link them with:

```bash
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-7 7
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-7 7
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-10 10
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-10 10
```

You can now use `update-alternatives` to set your default `gcc` and `g++` to a more recent version:

```bash
update-alternatives --config g++
update-alternatives --config gcc
```

=== "Mac Os + Clang"

```bash
# download clang
curl --output clang.tar.xz -L https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-11.0.0/clang+llvm-11.0.0-x86_64-apple-darwin.tar.xz
mkdir clang
tar -xvJf clang.tar.xz -C clang

# copy files to /usr/local
cd clang/clang+llvm-11.0.0-x86_64-apple-darwin
sudo cp -R * /usr/local/

# update default compiler
export CXX=/usr/local/bin/clang++
```

=== "Windows + MSVC"

!!! warning ""
    * Visit the [Visual Studio](https://visualstudio.microsoft.com) website
    * Download Git from [https://git-scm.com/download/win](https://git-scm.com/download/win) and install it

CMake 3.14+

Also check your CMake version is at least 3.14+:

=== "Ubuntu + GCC"

```bash
cmake --version
```

=== "Mac Os + Clang"

```bash
cmake --version
```

=== "Windows + MSVC"

```bash
cmake --version
```

If CMake is not installed or its version is older than CMake 3.14, update it with

=== "Ubuntu + GCC"

```bash
sudo apt upgrade cmake
```

!!! warning ""
    Alternatively, download the most recent version from [cmake.org](https://cmake.org/).

=== "Mac Os + Clang"

```bash
sudo brew upgrade cmake
```

!!! warning "Homebrew"
    If this command fails because you don't have [Homebrew](https://brew.sh) on your computer, you can install it with

    ```bash
    /bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install.sh)"
    ```

    or you can follow the instructions in [https://brew.sh](https://brew.sh).


!!! warning ""
    Alternatively, download the most recent version from [cmake.org](https://cmake.org/).

=== "Windows + MSVC"

!!! warning ""
    Download the most recent version from [cmake.org](https://cmake.org/).

Gnuplot 5.2.6+

Install Gnuplot 5.2.6+ (Required at runtime)

=== "Ubuntu + GCC"

```bash
sudo apt update
sudo apt install gnuplot
```

!!! note ""
    Or download the latest version from [www.gnuplot.info](http://www.gnuplot.info). If you're using an installer, make sure you mark the option "Add application directory to your PATH environment variable".

=== "Mac Os + Clang"

```bash
sudo brew install gnuplot
```

!!! note ""
    Or download the latest version from [www.gnuplot.info](http://www.gnuplot.info). If you're using an installer, make sure you mark the option "Add application directory to your PATH environment variable".

=== "Windows + MSVC"

!!! warning ""
    Download Gnuplot from [www.gnuplot.info](http://www.gnuplot.info) and install it.

    If you're using the Gnuplot installer, make sure you mark the option "Add application directory to your PATH environment variable"

!!! warning "Windows Gnuplot Terminals"

    If the Matplot++ examples don't display without console errors and gnuplot running, try to re-install Gnuplot with the wxt terminal.

Optional Dependencies

The build script will also look for these optional dependencies for manipulating images:

JPEG
TIFF
ZLIB
PNG
LAPACK
BLAS
FFTW
OpenCV

Embedded dependencies

There are two dependencies in source/3rd_party. These dependencies are bundled, so you don't have to worry about them:

olvb/nodesoup
dtschump/CImg

You can define WITH_SYSTEM_NODESOUP=ON or WITH_SYSTEM_CIMG=ON in the cmake command line to use a system-provided version of these dependencies.

OpenGL dependencies

There's an extra target matplot_opengl with the experimental OpenGL backend. You need to define BUILD_EXPERIMENTAL_OPENGL_BACKEND=ON in the CMake command line to build that target. In that case, the build script will also look for these extra dependencies:

OpenGL
GLAD
GLFW3

If these dependencies are not found, the build script will download them. In any case, you can install these dependencies with:

=== "Ubuntu + GCC"

```bash
sudo apt-get install libglfw3-dev
```

=== "Mac Os + Clang"

!!! note ""
    Download GLFW3 from https://www.glfw.org

=== "Windows + MSVC"

!!! note ""
    Download GLFW3 from https://www.glfw.org

You can also see all dependencies in source/3rd_party/CMakeLists.txt.

Build and install

Building Examples

This will build the examples in the build/examples directory:

=== "Ubuntu + GCC"

```bash
mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-O2"
sudo cmake --build . --parallel 2 --config Release
```

=== "Mac Os + Clang"

```bash
mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-O2"
cmake --build . --parallel 2 --config Release
```

=== "Windows + MSVC"

```bash
mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="/O2"
cmake --build . --parallel 2 --config Release
```

!!! hint "Parallel Build" Replace --parallel 2 with --parallel <number of cores in your machine>

!!! note "Setting C++ Compiler"

If your C++ compiler that supports C++17 is not your default compiler, make sure you provide CMake with the compiler location with the DCMAKE_C_COMPILER and DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER options. For instance:

```bash
cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-O2" -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=/usr/bin/gcc-8 -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=/usr/bin/g++-8
```

Installing

You can 1) use -DBUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF -DBUILD_TESTS=OFF to bypass the examples and tests, and then 2) cmake --install . to install Matplot++ on your system:

=== "Ubuntu + GCC"

```bash
mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-O2" -DBUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF -DBUILD_TESTS=OFF 
sudo cmake --build . --parallel 2 --config Release
sudo cmake --install .
```

=== "Mac Os + Clang"

```bash
mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-O2" -DBUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF -DBUILD_TESTS=OFF 
cmake --build . --parallel 2 --config Release
cmake --install .
```

=== "Windows + MSVC"

```bash
mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="/O2" -DBUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF -DBUILD_TESTS=OFF 
cmake --build . --parallel 2 --config Release
cmake --install .
```

!!! hint "Parallel Build" Replace --parallel 2 with --parallel <number of cores in your machine>

Create packages

You can also create the binary packages to install Matplot++ on other systems:

=== "Ubuntu + GCC"

```bash
sudo cpack .
```

=== "Mac Os + Clang"

```bash
cpack .
```

=== "Windows + MSVC"

```bash
cpack .
```

Plot Types

Line Plots

Line Plot

!!! tip Use these examples to understand how to quickly use the library for data visualization. If you are interested in understanding how the library works, you can later read the details in the complete article.

plot(x,y);

Where x and y are are any value ranges.

READ THE DOCUMENTATION TO SEE THESE EXAMPLES WITH THE IMAGES

=== "Plot"

[![example_plot_1](docs/examples/line_plot/plot/plot_1.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot/plot_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot/plot_1.cpp"
```

More examples

!!! tip Setters return a reference to *this to allow method chaining:

```cpp
plot(x,y)->line_width(2).color("red");
```

!!! tip These examples use free-standing functions to create plots. You can also use a object-oriented style for plots. We discuss these coding styles in the Section Coding Styles.

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot_2](docs/examples/line_plot/plot/plot_2.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot/plot_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot/plot_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot_3](docs/examples/line_plot/plot/plot_3.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot/plot_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot/plot_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot_4](docs/examples/line_plot/plot/plot_4.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot/plot_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot/plot_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot_5](docs/examples/line_plot/plot/plot_5.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot/plot_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot/plot_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot_6](docs/examples/line_plot/plot/plot_6.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot/plot_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot/plot_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot_7](docs/examples/line_plot/plot/plot_7.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot/plot_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot/plot_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot_8](docs/examples/line_plot/plot/plot_8.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot/plot_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot/plot_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot_9](docs/examples/line_plot/plot/plot_9.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot/plot_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot/plot_9.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot_10](docs/examples/line_plot/plot/plot_10.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot/plot_10.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot/plot_10.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot_11](docs/examples/line_plot/plot/plot_11.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot/plot_11.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot/plot_11.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot_12](docs/examples/line_plot/plot/plot_12.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot/plot_12.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot/plot_12.cpp"
```

Line Plot 3D

plot3(x,y);

=== "Plot"

[![example_plot3_1](docs/examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_1.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_1.cpp"
```

!!! tip With method chaining:

```cpp
plot3(x,y)->line_width(2).color("red");
```

More examples

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot3_2](docs/examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_2.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot3_3](docs/examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_3.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot3_4](docs/examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_4.png)](examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot3_5](docs/examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_5.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot3_7](docs/examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_7.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot3_8](docs/examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_8.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot3_9](docs/examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_9.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_9.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plot3_10](docs/examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_10.svg)](examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_10.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/plot3/plot3_10.cpp"
```

Stairs

stairs(x,y);

The stair object renders the line with stairs between data points to denote discrete data.

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_stairs_2](docs/examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_2.svg)](examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_2.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_stairs_3](docs/examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_3.svg)](examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stairs_4](docs/examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_4.svg)](examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stairs_5](docs/examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_5.svg)](examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stairs_6](docs/examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_6.svg)](examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stairs_7](docs/examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_7.svg)](examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stairs_8](docs/examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_8.svg)](examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stairs_9](docs/examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_9.svg)](examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_9.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stairs_10](docs/examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_10.svg)](examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_10.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/stairs/stairs_10.cpp"
```

Error Bars

errorbar(x,y,err);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_errorbar_1](docs/examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_1.svg)](examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_errorbar_2](docs/examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_2.svg)](examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_errorbar_3](docs/examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_3.svg)](examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_errorbar_4](docs/examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_4.svg)](examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_errorbar_5](docs/examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_5.svg)](examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_errorbar_6](docs/examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_6.svg)](examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_errorbar_7](docs/examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_7.svg)](examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_errorbar_8](docs/examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_8.svg)](examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_errorbar_9](docs/examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_9.svg)](examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_9.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_errorbar_10](docs/examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_10.svg)](examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_10.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/errorbar/errorbar_10.cpp"
```

The error bar object includes extra lines to represent error around data points. Log plots are utility functions that adjust the x or y axes to a logarithmic scale.

Area

area(Y);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_area_1](docs/examples/line_plot/area/area_1.svg)](examples/line_plot/area/area_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/area/area_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_area_2](docs/examples/line_plot/area/area_2.svg)](examples/line_plot/area/area_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/area/area_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_area_3](docs/examples/line_plot/area/area_3.svg)](examples/line_plot/area/area_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/area/area_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_area_4](docs/examples/line_plot/area/area_4.svg)](examples/line_plot/area/area_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/area/area_4.cpp"
```

Loglog Plot

loglog(x,y);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

  [![example_loglog_1](docs/examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_1.svg)](examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

  [![example_loglog_2](docs/examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_2.svg)](examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

  [![example_loglog_3](docs/examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_3.png)](examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

  [![example_loglog_4](docs/examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_4.svg)](examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

  [![example_loglog_5](docs/examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_5.png)](examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

  [![example_loglog_6](docs/examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_6.svg)](examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

  [![example_loglog_7](docs/examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_7.svg)](examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

  [![example_loglog_8](docs/examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_8.svg)](examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

  [![example_loglog_9](docs/examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_9.svg)](examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/loglog/loglog_9.cpp"
```

Semilogx Plot

semilogx(x,y);

See result

===! "Plot"

[![example_semilogx_1](docs/examples/line_plot/semilogx/semilogx_1.svg)](examples/line_plot/semilogx/semilogx_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/semilogx/semilogx_1.cpp"
```

Semilogy Plot

semilogy(x,y);

See result

===! "Plot"

[![example_semilogy_1](docs/examples/line_plot/semilogy/semilogy_1.svg)](examples/line_plot/semilogy/semilogy_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/semilogy/semilogy_1.cpp"
```

Function Plot

fplot(fx);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_fplot_1](docs/examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_1.svg)](examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_fplot_2](docs/examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_2.svg)](examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fplot_3](docs/examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_3.png)](examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fplot_4](docs/examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_4.png)](examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fplot_5](docs/examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_5.png)](examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fplot_6](docs/examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_6.svg)](examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fplot/fplot_6.cpp"
```

Instead of storing data points, the objects function line and string function store a function as a lambda function or as a string with an expression. These objects use lazy evaluation to generate absolute data points. The data is generated only when the draw function is called.

Function Plot 3D

fplot(fxy);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_fplot3_1](docs/examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_1.svg)](examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_1.cpp"
`````

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_fplot3_2](docs/examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_2.svg)](examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fplot3_3](docs/examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_3.png)](examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fplot3_4](docs/examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_4.svg)](examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fplot3_5](docs/examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_5.svg)](examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fplot3/fplot3_5.cpp"
```

Implicit function

fplot(fxy);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_fimplicit_1](docs/examples/line_plot/fimplicit/fimplicit_1.svg)](examples/line_plot/fimplicit/fimplicit_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fimplicit/fimplicit_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_fimplicit_2](docs/examples/line_plot/fimplicit/fimplicit_2.svg)](examples/line_plot/fimplicit/fimplicit_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fimplicit/fimplicit_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fimplicit_3](docs/examples/line_plot/fimplicit/fimplicit_3.svg)](examples/line_plot/fimplicit/fimplicit_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fimplicit/fimplicit_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fimplicit_4](docs/examples/line_plot/fimplicit/fimplicit_4.svg)](examples/line_plot/fimplicit/fimplicit_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/line_plot/fimplicit/fimplicit_4.cpp"
```

Data Distribution

Histogram

The histogram object creates the histogram edges and bins when the draw function is called for the first time with lazy evaluation. Lazy evaluation avoids calculating edges unnecessarily in case the user changes the object parameters before calling draw. This object includes several algorithms for automatically delimiting the edges and bins for the histograms.

hist(data);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_1](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_1.png)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_2](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_2.png)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_3](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_3.png)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_4](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_4.png)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_5](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_5.png)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_6](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_6.png)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_7](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_7.svg)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_8](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_8.png)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_9](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_9.png)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_9.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_10](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_10.svg)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_10.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_10.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_11](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_11.svg)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_11.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_11.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_12](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_12.svg)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_12.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_12.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_histogram_14](docs/examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_14.png)](examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_14.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/histogram/histogram_14.cpp"
```

Boxplot

boxplot(data);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_boxplot_1](docs/examples/data_distribution/boxplot/boxplot_1.svg)](examples/data_distribution/boxplot/boxplot_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/boxplot/boxplot_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_boxplot_2](docs/examples/data_distribution/boxplot/boxplot_2.svg)](examples/data_distribution/boxplot/boxplot_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/boxplot/boxplot_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_boxplot_3](docs/examples/data_distribution/boxplot/boxplot_3.png)](examples/data_distribution/boxplot/boxplot_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/boxplot/boxplot_3.cpp"
```

Scatter Plot

scatter(x,y);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter_1](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_1.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter_2](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_2.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter_3](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_3.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter_4](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_4.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter_5](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_5.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter_6](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_6.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter_7](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_7.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter_8](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_8.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter/scatter_8.cpp"
```

Scatter plots also depend on the line object. As the line object can represent lines with markers, the scatter function simply creates markers without the lines.

Scatter Plot 3D

scatter(x,y,z);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter3_1](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_1.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter3_2](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_2.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter3_3](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_3.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter3_4](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_4.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter3_5](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_5.svg)](examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_scatter3_6](docs/examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_6.png)](examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/scatter3/scatter3_6.cpp"
```

Binned Scatter Plots

binscatter(x,y);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_binscatter_1](docs/examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_1.png)](examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_binscatter_2](docs/examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_2.png)](examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_binscatter_3](docs/examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_3.png)](examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_binscatter_4](docs/examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_4.png)](examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_binscatter_5](docs/examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_5.png)](examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_binscatter_6](docs/examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_6.png)](examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_binscatter_7](docs/examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_7.svg)](examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/binscatter/binscatter_7.cpp"
```

Binned scatter plots use variations of the histogram algorithms of the previous section as an extra step to place all the data into two-dimensional bins that can be represented with varying colors or sizes. This is useful when there are so many data points that a scatter plot would be impractical for visualizing the data.

Plot Matrix

plotmatrix(X);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_plotmatrix_1](docs/examples/data_distribution/plotmatrix/plotmatrix_1.svg)](examples/data_distribution/plotmatrix/plotmatrix_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/plotmatrix/plotmatrix_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_plotmatrix_2](docs/examples/data_distribution/plotmatrix/plotmatrix_2.png)](examples/data_distribution/plotmatrix/plotmatrix_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/plotmatrix/plotmatrix_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plotmatrix_3](docs/examples/data_distribution/plotmatrix/plotmatrix_3.png)](examples/data_distribution/plotmatrix/plotmatrix_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/plotmatrix/plotmatrix_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_plotmatrix_4](docs/examples/data_distribution/plotmatrix/plotmatrix_4.svg)](examples/data_distribution/plotmatrix/plotmatrix_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/plotmatrix/plotmatrix_4.cpp"
```

The Plot Matrix subcategory is a combination of histograms and scatter plots. It creates a matrix of axes objects on the figure and creates a scatter plot for each pair of data sets.

Parallel Coordinates

parallelplot(X);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_parallelplot_1](docs/examples/data_distribution/parallelplot/parallelplot_1.svg)](examples/data_distribution/parallelplot/parallelplot_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/parallelplot/parallelplot_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_parallelplot_2](docs/examples/data_distribution/parallelplot/parallelplot_2.svg)](examples/data_distribution/parallelplot/parallelplot_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/parallelplot/parallelplot_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_parallelplot_3](docs/examples/data_distribution/parallelplot/parallelplot_3.svg)](examples/data_distribution/parallelplot/parallelplot_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/parallelplot/parallelplot_3.cpp"
```

The function parallelplot creates a plot with Parallel Coordinates. In this type of plot, a parallel lines object stores an arbitrary set of axis objects to represent multi-dimensional data.

Pie Chart

pie(x);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_pie_1](docs/examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_1.svg)](examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_pie_2](docs/examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_2.svg)](examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_pie_3](docs/examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_3.svg)](examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_pie_4](docs/examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_4.svg)](examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_pie_5](docs/examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_5.svg)](examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_pie_6](docs/examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_6.svg)](examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/pie/pie_6.cpp"
```

Heatmap

heatmap(data);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_heatmap_1](docs/examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_1.png)](examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_heatmap_2](docs/examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_2.png)](examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_heatmap_3](docs/examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_3.png)](examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_heatmap_4](docs/examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_4.png)](examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_heatmap_5](docs/examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_5.png)](examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_heatmap_6](docs/examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_6.png)](examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_heatmap_7](docs/examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_7.png)](examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/heatmap/heatmap_7.cpp"
```

Word Cloud

wordcloud(text, black_list);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_wordcloud_1](docs/examples/data_distribution/wordcloud/wordcloud_1.png)](examples/data_distribution/wordcloud/wordcloud_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/wordcloud/wordcloud_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_wordcloud_3](docs/examples/data_distribution/wordcloud/wordcloud_3.png)](examples/data_distribution/wordcloud/wordcloud_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/wordcloud/wordcloud_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_wordcloud_4](docs/examples/data_distribution/wordcloud/wordcloud_4.png)](examples/data_distribution/wordcloud/wordcloud_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/wordcloud/wordcloud_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_wordcloud_4](docs/examples/data_distribution/wordcloud/wordcloud_4.png)](examples/data_distribution/wordcloud/wordcloud_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/data_distribution/wordcloud/wordcloud_4.cpp"
```

Word clouds are generated from text or pairs of words and their frequency. After attributing a size proportional to each word frequency, the algorithm to position the labels iterates words from the largest to the smallest. For each word, it spins the word in polar coordinates converted to Cartesian coordinates until it does not overlap with any other word.

By default, the colors and the sizes depend on the word frequencies. We can customize the colors by passing a third parameter to the wordcloud function.

Discrete Data

Bar Plot | Pareto Chart | Stem Plot | Stem Plot 3D

Bar Plot

bar(y);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_1](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_1.png)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_2](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_2.png)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_3](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_3.png)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_4](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_4.png)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_5](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_5.png)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_6](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_6.png)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_7](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_7.svg)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_8](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_8.png)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_9](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_9.png)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_9.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_10](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_10.png)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_10.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_10.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_11](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_11.png)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_11.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_11.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_12](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_12.png)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_12.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_12.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_bar_13](docs/examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_13.png)](examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_13.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/bar/bar_13.cpp"
```

Pareto Chart

pareto(y);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_pareto_1](docs/examples/discrete_data/pareto/pareto_1.svg)](examples/discrete_data/pareto/pareto_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/pareto/pareto_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_pareto_2](docs/examples/discrete_data/pareto/pareto_2.svg)](examples/discrete_data/pareto/pareto_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/pareto/pareto_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_pareto_3](docs/examples/discrete_data/pareto/pareto_3.svg)](examples/discrete_data/pareto/pareto_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/pareto/pareto_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_pareto_4](docs/examples/discrete_data/pareto/pareto_4.svg)](examples/discrete_data/pareto/pareto_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/pareto/pareto_4.cpp"
```

Pareto Charts are a type of chart that uses both $y$ axes. The $y_1$ axis is used to represent bars with the data values in descending order. The $y_2$ axis is used to represent the cumulative distribution function of the data in the $y_1$ axis. By default, a Pareto Chart includes up to 10 items or as many items as needed to represent 95% of the cumulative distribution.

If you need Pareto fronts rather than Pareto charts, we refer to Scatter Plots for two-dimensional fronts, Plot matrices for three-dimensional fronts, or Parallel Coordinate Plots for many-objective fronts. These plot subcategories are described in Section Data Distribution. If you also need a tool to calculate these fronts efficiently, we refer to the Pareto Front Library.

Stem Plot

stem(Y);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem_1](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_1.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem_2](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_2.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem_3](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_3.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem_4](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_4.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem_5](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_5.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem_6](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_6.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem_7](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_7.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem_8](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_8.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem_9](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_9.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem/stem_9.cpp"
```

Stem Plot 3D

stem3(z);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem3_1](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_1.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem3_2](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_2.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem3_3](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_3.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem3_4](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_4.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem3_5](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_5.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem3_6](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_6.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem3_7](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_7.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem3_8](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_8.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem3_9](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_9.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_9.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem3_10](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_10.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_10.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_10.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_stem3_11](docs/examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_11.svg)](examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_11.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/discrete_data/stem3/stem3_11.cpp"
```

Geography

Geoplot | Geoscatter Plot | Geobubble | Geodensity Plot

Geoplot

geoplot(lat,lon);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_geoplot_1](docs/examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_1.png)](examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_geoplot_2](docs/examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_2.png)](examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_geoplot_3](docs/examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_3.png)](examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_geoplot_4](docs/examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_4.png)](examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_geoplot_5](docs/examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_5.png)](examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_geoplot_6](docs/examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_6.png)](examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_geoplot_7](docs/examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_7.png)](examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/geography/geoplot/geoplot_7.cpp"
```

For the first geography plot, Matplot++ calls geoplot(), which creates a filled polygon with the world map. This first plot receives the tag "map" so that subsequent geography plots recognize there is no need to recreate this world map.

The data for the world map comes from Natural Earth. They provide data at 1:10m, 1:50m, and 1:110m scales. The geoplot function will initially use the data at the 1:110m scales. The geolimits function can be used to update the axis limits for geography plots. The difference between the usual functions for adjusting axis limits (xlim and ylim) and geolimits is that the latter will also update the map resolution according to the new limits for the $x$ and $y$ axis.

The geolimits function will query the figure size and, depending on the new limits for the axes, update the map to the 1:10m, or 1:50m scales if needed. Because it would be very inefficient to render the whole world map at a 1:10m or 1:50m scale only to display a region of this map, the geolimits function also crops the data pertinent to the new region being displayed.

Note that this does not only involve removing data points outside the new limits but it also needs to create new data points on the correct borders to create new polygons coherent with the map entry points in the region. For this reason, the algorithm needs to track all submaps represented as closed polygons in the original world map. If submaps are completely inside or outside the new ranges, we can respectively include or dismiss the data points. However, if the submap is only partially inside the new limits, to generate the correct borders for the polygons, we need to track all points outside the limits to classify the directions of these points outside the limits. We do that by only including points that change quadrants around the new limits so that the map entry points create polygons that look like they would if the complete world map were still being rendered outside these new limits.

If the you are not interested in geographic plots, the build script includes an option to remove the high-resolution maps at 1:10m and 1:50m scales from the library. In this case, the library will always use the map at a 1:110m scale no matter the axis limits.

The function world_cities returns a list of major world cities. Its parameters define the minimum distances between cities in the $x$ and $y$ axes. The greedy_tsp function is a naive greedy algorithm to find a route between these cities as a Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). We use the geoplot function to draw this route. Note that we use method chaining to define some further plot properties. Finally, the text function includes the city names in the map.

Geoscatter Plot

geoscatter(lat,lon);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_geoscatter_1](docs/examples/geography/geoscatter/geoscatter_1.png)](examples/geography/geoscatter/geoscatter_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/geography/geoscatter/geoscatter_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_geoscatter_2](docs/examples/geography/geoscatter/geoscatter_2.png)](examples/geography/geoscatter/geoscatter_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/geography/geoscatter/geoscatter_2.cpp"
```

Geobubble

geobubble(lat,lon,sizes);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_geobubble_1](docs/examples/geography/geobubble/geobubble_1.png)](examples/geography/geobubble/geobubble_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/geography/geobubble/geobubble_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_geobubble_2](docs/examples/geography/geobubble/geobubble_2.png)](examples/geography/geobubble/geobubble_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/geography/geobubble/geobubble_2.cpp"
```

Geodensity Plot

geodensityplot(lat, lon);

See result

=== "Plot"

[![example_geodensityplot_1](docs/examples/geography/geodensityplot/geodensityplot_1.png)](examples/geography/geodensityplot/geodensityplot_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/geography/geodensityplot/geodensityplot_1.cpp"
```

Polar Plots

Polar Line Plot | Polar Scatter Plot | Polar Histogram | Compass | Polar Function

Polar Line Plot

polarplot(theta, rho);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarplot_1](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_1.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarplot_2](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_2.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarplot_3](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_3.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarplot_4](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_4.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarplot_5](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_5.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarplot_6](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_6.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarplot_7](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_7.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarplot_8](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_8.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarplot/polarplot_8.cpp"
```

By emplacing a polar plot in the axes, the axes move to a polar mode, where we use the $r$ and $t$ axis instead of the $x$ and $y$ axis.

From the backend point of view, these axes are an abstraction to the user. The data points in the $r$ and $t$ axis are drawn by converting the positions from the polar coordinates $r$ and $t$ to the Cartesian coordinates $x$ and $y$ with the relationships $x=r\cos{t}$ and $y=r\sin{t}$ .

Aside from this conversion, these plot subcategories are analogous to line plots, scatter plots, histograms, quiver plots, and line functions.

Polar Scatter Plot

polarscatter(theta, rho);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarscatter_1](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_1.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarscatter_2](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_2.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarscatter_3](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_3.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarscatter_4](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_4.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarscatter_5](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_5.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarscatter_6](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_6.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarscatter/polarscatter_6.cpp"
```

Polar Histogram

polarhistogram(theta, 6);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarhistogram_1](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_1.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarhistogram_2](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_2.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarhistogram_3](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_3.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarhistogram_4](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_4.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_polarhistogram_5](docs/examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_5.svg)](examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/polarhistogram/polarhistogram_5.cpp"
```

The function polarhistogram distributes the data into the number of bins provided as its second parameter.

Compass

compass(u, v);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_compass_1](docs/examples/polar_plots/compass/compass_1.svg)](examples/polar_plots/compass/compass_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/compass/compass_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_compass_2](docs/examples/polar_plots/compass/compass_2.svg)](examples/polar_plots/compass/compass_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/compass/compass_2.cpp"
```

Polar Function

ezpolar(fn);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_ezpolar_1](docs/examples/polar_plots/ezpolar/ezpolar_1.svg)](examples/polar_plots/ezpolar/ezpolar_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/ezpolar/ezpolar_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_ezpolar_2](docs/examples/polar_plots/ezpolar/ezpolar_2.svg)](examples/polar_plots/ezpolar/ezpolar_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/polar_plots/ezpolar/ezpolar_2.cpp"
```

Contour Plots

Contour | Filled Contour | Function Contour

Contour

contour(X, Y, Z);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_contour_1](docs/examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_1.svg)](examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_contour_2](docs/examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_2.svg)](examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_contour_3](docs/examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_3.svg)](examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_contour_4](docs/examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_4.svg)](examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_contour_5](docs/examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_5.svg)](examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_contour_6](docs/examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_6.svg)](examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_contour_7](docs/examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_7.svg)](examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_contour_8](docs/examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_8.svg)](examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contour/contour_8.cpp"
```

All these subcategories depend on the contours type. They also depend on lazy evaluation for generating the contour lines. When the function draw is called in the contours class, it preprocesses all contour lines for a three-dimensional function.

Although it is relatively simple to show a heatmap with the values for the $z$ -axis, calculating contour lines relative to the $yz$ -axis is more complex than it might seem at first. We provide the function contourc for calculating contour lines. This function uses an adaptation of the algorithm adopted by Matplotlib.

The algorithm creates a quad grid defined by the $x$ and $y$ values. It uses this grid to infer a contour line passing through positions with the same $z$ value. The algorithm sweeps through the grid twice to generate these lines. The first sweep looks for lines that start on the boundaries. The second sweep looks for interior closed loops.

Filled contours are closed polygons for pairs of contour levels. Some polygons for filled contours might be holes inside other polygons. The algorithm needs to keep track of these relationships so that we can render the polygons in their accurate order. To avoid an extra step that identifies this relationship between the polygons, the sweeping algorithm already identifies which polygons are holes for each level.

Once we find the quads with the contour line, the line is generated by interpolating the $z$ values around that quad.

Filled Contour

contourf(X, Y, Z);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_contourf_1](docs/examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_1.svg)](examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_contourf_2](docs/examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_2.png)](examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_contourf_3](docs/examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_3.png)](examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_contourf_4](docs/examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_4.png)](examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_contourf_5](docs/examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_5.png)](examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_contourf_6](docs/examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_6.svg)](examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/contourf/contourf_6.cpp"
```

Function Contour

fcontour(f);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_fcontour_1](docs/examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_1.svg)](examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_fcontour_2](docs/examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_2.svg)](examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fcontour_3](docs/examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_3.svg)](examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fcontour_4](docs/examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_4.svg)](examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fcontour_5](docs/examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_5.svg)](examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fcontour_6](docs/examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_6.png)](examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fcontour_7](docs/examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_7.png)](examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fcontour_8](docs/examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_8.svg)](examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fcontour_9](docs/examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_9.png)](examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_9.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fcontour_10](docs/examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_10.png)](examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_10.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_10.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fcontour_11](docs/examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_11.png)](examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_11.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/contour_plots/fcontour/fcontour_11.cpp"
```

By default, the function fcontour will generate 9 contour lines from a lambda function. The functions contour and contourf, on the other hand, plot contour lines and filled contour lines from a grid of data points for $x$ , $y$ , and $z$ .

Vector Fields

Feather | Quiver | Quiver 3D

Quiver

quiver(x, y, u, v);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_quiver_1](docs/examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_1.svg)](examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_quiver_2](docs/examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_2.svg)](examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_quiver_3](docs/examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_3.svg)](examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_quiver_4](docs/examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_4.svg)](examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_quiver_6](docs/examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_6.svg)](examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/vector_fields/quiver/quiver_6.cpp"
```

All these subcategories depend on the vectors object type. In a two-dimensional plot, for each value of $x$ and $y$ with the position of a vector, it also requires the value of $u$ and $v$ indicating its direction and magnitude. In a three-dimensional plot, the direction and magnitude are defined by $u$ , $v$ , and $w$ .

A quiver plot (or velocity plot) shows a grid of vectors whose direction and magnitude are scaled to prevent the overlap between vectors in subsequent quads.

Quiver 3D

quiver3(Z, U, V, W);

See result

===! "Plot"

[![example_quiver3_1](docs/examples/vector_fields/quiver3/quiver3_1.svg)](examples/vector_fields/quiver3/quiver3_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/vector_fields/quiver3/quiver3_1.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_quiver3_2](docs/examples/vector_fields/quiver3/quiver3_2.svg)](examples/vector_fields/quiver3/quiver3_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/vector_fields/quiver3/quiver3_2.cpp"
```

Feather

feather(u, v);

See result

===! "Plot"

[![example_feather_1](docs/examples/vector_fields/feather/feather_1.svg)](examples/vector_fields/feather/feather_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/vector_fields/feather/feather_1.cpp"
```

Surfaces

Surface

surf(X, Y, Z);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_surf_1](docs/examples/surfaces/surf/surf_1.png)](examples/surfaces/surf/surf_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/surf/surf_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_surf_2](docs/examples/surfaces/surf/surf_2.svg)](examples/surfaces/surf/surf_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/surf/surf_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_surf_3](docs/examples/surfaces/surf/surf_3.svg)](examples/surfaces/surf/surf_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/surf/surf_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_surf_4](docs/examples/surfaces/surf/surf_4.svg)](examples/surfaces/surf/surf_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/surf/surf_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_surf_5](docs/examples/surfaces/surf/surf_5.svg)](examples/surfaces/surf/surf_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/surf/surf_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_surf_6](docs/examples/surfaces/surf/surf_6.svg)](examples/surfaces/surf/surf_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/surf/surf_6.cpp"
```

Surface with Contour

surfc(X, Y, Z);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_surfc_1](docs/examples/surfaces/surfc/surfc_1.png)](examples/surfaces/surfc/surfc_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/surfc/surfc_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_surfc_2](docs/examples/surfaces/surfc/surfc_2.svg)](examples/surfaces/surfc/surfc_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/surfc/surfc_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_surfc_3](docs/examples/surfaces/surfc/surfc_3.png)](examples/surfaces/surfc/surfc_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/surfc/surfc_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_surfc_4](docs/examples/surfaces/surfc/surfc_4.png)](examples/surfaces/surfc/surfc_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/surfc/surfc_4.cpp"
```

Mesh

mesh(X, Y, Z);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_mesh_1](docs/examples/surfaces/mesh/mesh_1.png)](examples/surfaces/mesh/mesh_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/mesh/mesh_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_mesh_2](docs/examples/surfaces/mesh/mesh_2.png)](examples/surfaces/mesh/mesh_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/mesh/mesh_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_mesh_3](docs/examples/surfaces/mesh/mesh_3.svg)](examples/surfaces/mesh/mesh_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/mesh/mesh_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_mesh_4](docs/examples/surfaces/mesh/mesh_4.svg)](examples/surfaces/mesh/mesh_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/mesh/mesh_4.cpp"
```

Mesh with Contour

meshc(X, Y, Z);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_meshc_1](docs/examples/surfaces/meshc/meshc_1.png)](examples/surfaces/meshc/meshc_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/meshc/meshc_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_meshc_2](docs/examples/surfaces/meshc/meshc_2.png)](examples/surfaces/meshc/meshc_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/meshc/meshc_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_meshc_3](docs/examples/surfaces/meshc/meshc_3.png)](examples/surfaces/meshc/meshc_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/meshc/meshc_3.cpp"
```

Mesh with Curtain

meshz(X, Y, Z);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_meshz_1](docs/examples/surfaces/meshz/meshz_1.png)](examples/surfaces/meshz/meshz_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/meshz/meshz_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_meshz_2](docs/examples/surfaces/meshz/meshz_2.png)](examples/surfaces/meshz/meshz_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/meshz/meshz_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_meshz_3](docs/examples/surfaces/meshz/meshz_3.png)](examples/surfaces/meshz/meshz_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/meshz/meshz_3.cpp"
```

Function Surface

fsurf(fn);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_fsurf_1](docs/examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_1.png)](examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_fsurf_2](docs/examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_2.png)](examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fsurf_3](docs/examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_3.png)](examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fsurf_4](docs/examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_4.png)](examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fsurf_5](docs/examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_5.png)](examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fsurf_6](docs/examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_6.png)](examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fsurf_7](docs/examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_7.png)](examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fsurf_8](docs/examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_8.png)](examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fsurf/fsurf_8.cpp"
```

Function Mesh

fmesh(fn);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_fmesh_1](docs/examples/surfaces/fmesh/fmesh_1.png)](examples/surfaces/fmesh/fmesh_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fmesh/fmesh_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_fmesh_2](docs/examples/surfaces/fmesh/fmesh_2.svg)](examples/surfaces/fmesh/fmesh_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fmesh/fmesh_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fmesh_3](docs/examples/surfaces/fmesh/fmesh_3.png)](examples/surfaces/fmesh/fmesh_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fmesh/fmesh_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fmesh_4](docs/examples/surfaces/fmesh/fmesh_4.png)](examples/surfaces/fmesh/fmesh_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fmesh/fmesh_4.cpp"
```

Waterfall

waterfall(X, Y, Z);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_waterfall_1](docs/examples/surfaces/waterfall/waterfall_1.png)](examples/surfaces/waterfall/waterfall_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/waterfall/waterfall_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_waterfall_2](docs/examples/surfaces/waterfall/waterfall_2.png)](examples/surfaces/waterfall/waterfall_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/waterfall/waterfall_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_waterfall_3](docs/examples/surfaces/waterfall/waterfall_3.svg)](examples/surfaces/waterfall/waterfall_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/waterfall/waterfall_3.cpp"
```

Fence

fence(X, Y, Z);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_fence_1](docs/examples/surfaces/fence/fence_1.png)](examples/surfaces/fence/fence_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fence/fence_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_fence_2](docs/examples/surfaces/fence/fence_2.png)](examples/surfaces/fence/fence_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fence/fence_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_fence_3](docs/examples/surfaces/fence/fence_3.png)](examples/surfaces/fence/fence_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/fence/fence_3.cpp"
```

Ribbon

ribbon(X, Y, Z);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_ribbon_1](docs/examples/surfaces/ribbon/ribbon_1.png)](examples/surfaces/ribbon/ribbon_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/ribbon/ribbon_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_ribbon_2](docs/examples/surfaces/ribbon/ribbon_2.png)](examples/surfaces/ribbon/ribbon_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/ribbon/ribbon_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ribbon_3](docs/examples/surfaces/ribbon/ribbon_3.svg)](examples/surfaces/ribbon/ribbon_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/ribbon/ribbon_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ribbon_4](docs/examples/surfaces/ribbon/ribbon_4.png)](examples/surfaces/ribbon/ribbon_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/surfaces/ribbon/ribbon_4.cpp"
```

Graphs

Undirected Graph | Directed Graph

Undirected Graph

graph(edges);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_graph_1](docs/examples/graphs/graph/graph_1.svg)](examples/graphs/graph/graph_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/graphs/graph/graph_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_graph_2](docs/examples/graphs/graph/graph_2.svg)](examples/graphs/graph/graph_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/graphs/graph/graph_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_graph_3](docs/examples/graphs/graph/graph_3.svg)](examples/graphs/graph/graph_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/graphs/graph/graph_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_graph_4](docs/examples/graphs/graph/graph_4.svg)](examples/graphs/graph/graph_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/graphs/graph/graph_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_graph_5](docs/examples/graphs/graph/graph_5.svg)](examples/graphs/graph/graph_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/graphs/graph/graph_5.cpp"
```

All these subcategories depend on the network class. Graphs are abstract structures that represent objects and relationships between these objects. The objects are represented as vertices and the relationships are depicted as edges.

In an abstract graph, the vertices have no specific position in space. Mathematically, a graph does not depend on its layout. However, the graph layout has a large impact on its understandability. The network class can calculate appropriate positions for graph vertices with several algorithms: Kamada Kawai algorithm, Fruchterman-Reingold algorithm, circle layout, random layout, and automatic layout.

The implementation of the Kamada Kawai and Fruchterman-Reingold algorithms depend on the NodeSoup library. The automatic layout uses the Kamada Kawai algorithm for small graphs and the Fruchterman-Reingold algorithm for larger graphs.

Directed Graph

digraph(edges);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_digraph_1](docs/examples/graphs/digraph/digraph_1.svg)](examples/graphs/digraph/digraph_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/graphs/digraph/digraph_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_digraph_2](docs/examples/graphs/digraph/digraph_2.svg)](examples/graphs/digraph/digraph_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/graphs/digraph/digraph_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_digraph_3](docs/examples/graphs/digraph/digraph_3.svg)](examples/graphs/digraph/digraph_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/graphs/digraph/digraph_3.cpp"
```

Images

Image Show | Image Matrix | Scaled Image

Image Show

imshow(image);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_imshow_1](docs/examples/images/imshow/imshow_1.png)](examples/images/imshow/imshow_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imshow/imshow_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_imshow_2](docs/examples/images/imshow/imshow_2.png)](examples/images/imshow/imshow_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imshow/imshow_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_imshow_3](docs/examples/images/imshow/imshow_3.svg)](examples/images/imshow/imshow_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imshow/imshow_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_imshow_4](docs/examples/images/imshow/imshow_4.png)](examples/images/imshow/imshow_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imshow/imshow_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_imshow_5](docs/examples/images/imshow/imshow_5.png)](examples/images/imshow/imshow_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imshow/imshow_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_imshow_6](docs/examples/images/imshow/imshow_6.png)](examples/images/imshow/imshow_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imshow/imshow_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_imshow_7](docs/examples/images/imshow/imshow_7.png)](examples/images/imshow/imshow_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imshow/imshow_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_imshow_8](docs/examples/images/imshow/imshow_8.png)](examples/images/imshow/imshow_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imshow/imshow_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_imshow_9](docs/examples/images/imshow/imshow_9.svg)](examples/images/imshow/imshow_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imshow/imshow_9.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_imshow_10](docs/examples/images/imshow/imshow_10.svg)](examples/images/imshow/imshow_10.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imshow/imshow_10.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_imshow_11](docs/examples/images/imshow/imshow_11.png)](examples/images/imshow/imshow_11.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imshow/imshow_11.cpp"
```

These subcategories depend on the matrix class. The matrix class can have up to four matrices. If it has only one matrix, it is represented with a colormap. If it has three matrices, they represent the red, green, and blue channels. If it has four matrices, the fourth matrix represents an alpha channel to control the transparency of each pixel.

We use the CImg library to load and save images. CImg can handle many common image formats as long as it has access to the appropriate libraries. The Matplot++ build script will look at compile-time for the following optional libraries: JPEG, TIFF, ZLIB, PNG, LAPACK, BLAS, OpenCV, X11, fftw3, OpenEXR, and Magick++. The build script will attempt to link all libraries from this list to Matplot++.

Matplot++ includes a few convenience functions to manipulate matrices with images: imread, rgb2gray, gray2rgb, imresize, and imwrite. All these functions work with lists of matrices.

Image Matrix

image(C);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_image_1](docs/examples/images/image/image_1.png)](examples/images/image/image_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/image/image_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_image_2](docs/examples/images/image/image_2.png)](examples/images/image/image_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/image/image_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_image_3](docs/examples/images/image/image_3.png)](examples/images/image/image_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/image/image_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_image_4](docs/examples/images/image/image_4.png)](examples/images/image/image_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/image/image_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_image_5](docs/examples/images/image/image_5.png)](examples/images/image/image_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/image/image_5.cpp"
```

Scaled Image

imagesc(C);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_imagesc_1](docs/examples/images/imagesc/imagesc_1.png)](examples/images/imagesc/imagesc_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imagesc/imagesc_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_imagesc_2](docs/examples/images/imagesc/imagesc_2.png)](examples/images/imagesc/imagesc_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imagesc/imagesc_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_imagesc_3](docs/examples/images/imagesc/imagesc_3.png)](examples/images/imagesc/imagesc_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imagesc/imagesc_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_imagesc_4](docs/examples/images/imagesc/imagesc_4.png)](examples/images/imagesc/imagesc_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/images/imagesc/imagesc_4.cpp"
```

Annotations

Text

The annotations category is meant to create individual objects on the plot rather than representations of data sets. An important difference between the annotations category and other categories is that, by default, the annotations do not replace the plot that already exists in the axes object, even if the user does not call the hold function.

text(x0, y0, str);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_text_1](docs/examples/annotations/text/text_1.svg)](examples/annotations/text/text_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/text/text_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_text_2](docs/examples/annotations/text/text_2.svg)](examples/annotations/text/text_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/text/text_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_text_3](docs/examples/annotations/text/text_3.svg)](examples/annotations/text/text_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/text/text_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_text_4](docs/examples/annotations/text/text_4.svg)](examples/annotations/text/text_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/text/text_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_text_5](docs/examples/annotations/text/text_5.svg)](examples/annotations/text/text_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/text/text_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_text_6](docs/examples/annotations/text/text_6.svg)](examples/annotations/text/text_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/text/text_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_text_7](docs/examples/annotations/text/text_7.svg)](examples/annotations/text/text_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/text/text_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_text_8](docs/examples/annotations/text/text_8.svg)](examples/annotations/text/text_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/text/text_8.cpp"
```

Text with Arrow

textarrow(x1, y1, x2, y2, str);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_textarrow_1](docs/examples/annotations/textarrow/textarrow_1.svg)](examples/annotations/textarrow/textarrow_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/textarrow/textarrow_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_textarrow_2](docs/examples/annotations/textarrow/textarrow_2.svg)](examples/annotations/textarrow/textarrow_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/textarrow/textarrow_2.cpp"
```

Rectangle

rectangle(x, y, w, h);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_rectangle_1](docs/examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_1.svg)](examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_rectangle_2](docs/examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_2.png)](examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_rectangle_3](docs/examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_3.svg)](examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_rectangle_4](docs/examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_4.png)](examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_rectangle_5](docs/examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_5.png)](examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/rectangle/rectangle_5.cpp"
```

The rectangle object can have a border curvature from $0$ to $1$ . We can also annotate with text, arrows, polygons, and lines.

Filled Polygon

polygon(x0, y0, color);

See result

===! "Plot"

[![example_fill_1](docs/examples/annotations/fill/fill_1.svg)](examples/annotations/fill/fill_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/fill/fill_1.cpp"
```

Ellipse

ellipse(x, y, w, h);

See result

===! "Plot"

[![example_ellipse_1](docs/examples/annotations/ellipse/ellipse_1.svg)](examples/annotations/ellipse/ellipse_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/ellipse/ellipse_1.cpp"
```

Textbox

textbox(x, y, w, h, str);

See result

===! "Plot"

[![example_textbox_1](docs/examples/annotations/textbox/textbox_1.svg)](examples/annotations/textbox/textbox_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/textbox/textbox_1.cpp"
```

Arrow

arrow(x1, y1, x2, y2);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_arrow_1](docs/examples/annotations/arrow/arrow_1.svg)](examples/annotations/arrow/arrow_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/arrow/arrow_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_arrow_2](docs/examples/annotations/arrow/arrow_2.svg)](examples/annotations/arrow/arrow_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/arrow/arrow_2.cpp"
```

Line

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

See result

===! "Plot"

[![example_line_1](docs/examples/annotations/line/line_1.svg)](examples/annotations/line/line_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/annotations/line/line_1.cpp"
```

Appearance

Labels: Title | Subplot Title | X Label | Y Label | Z Label | Legend
Axis: X Limits | Y Limits | Z Limits | Adjust Axis | Box
Grid: Grid Background | X Ticks | Y Ticks | Z Ticks | X Tick Labels | Y Tick Labels | X Tick Format | Y Tick Format | Z Tick Format | X Tick Angle | Y Tick Angle
Multiplot: Hold | YY-axis | Color Order | Subplots | Tiled Layout
Colormaps: Colormap | Color Bar | RGB Plot
Camera: View | Lighting
Figure Object
Line Specs
Axes Object
Clear Axes

Labels

Title

title(str);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_title_1](docs/examples/appearance/labels/title/title_1.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/title/title_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/title/title_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_title_2](docs/examples/appearance/labels/title/title_2.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/title/title_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/title/title_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_title_3](docs/examples/appearance/labels/title/title_3.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/title/title_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/title/title_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_title_4](docs/examples/appearance/labels/title/title_4.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/title/title_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/title/title_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_title_5](docs/examples/appearance/labels/title/title_5.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/title/title_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/title/title_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_title_6](docs/examples/appearance/labels/title/title_6.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/title/title_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/title/title_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_title_7](docs/examples/appearance/labels/title/title_7.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/title/title_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/title/title_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_title_8](docs/examples/appearance/labels/title/title_8.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/title/title_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/title/title_8.cpp"
```

Subplot Title

sgtitle(str);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_sgtitle_1](docs/examples/appearance/labels/sgtitle/sgtitle_1.png)](examples/appearance/labels/sgtitle/sgtitle_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/sgtitle/sgtitle_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_sgtitle_2](docs/examples/appearance/labels/sgtitle/sgtitle_2.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/sgtitle/sgtitle_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/sgtitle/sgtitle_2.cpp"
```

X Label

xlabel(str);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlabel_1](docs/examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_1.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlabel_2](docs/examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_2.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlabel_3](docs/examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_3.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlabel_4](docs/examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_4.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlabel_5](docs/examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_5.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlabel_6](docs/examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_6.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlabel_7](docs/examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_7.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlabel_8](docs/examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_8.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/xlabel/xlabel_8.cpp"
```

Y Label

ylabel(str);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylabel_1](docs/examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_1.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylabel_2](docs/examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_2.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylabel_3](docs/examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_3.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylabel_4](docs/examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_4.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylabel_5](docs/examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_5.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylabel_6](docs/examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_6.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylabel_7](docs/examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_7.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylabel_8](docs/examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_8.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/ylabel/ylabel_8.cpp"
```

Z Label

zlabel(str);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_zlabel_1](docs/examples/appearance/labels/zlabel/zlabel_1.png)](examples/appearance/labels/zlabel/zlabel_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/zlabel/zlabel_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_zlabel_2](docs/examples/appearance/labels/zlabel/zlabel_2.png)](examples/appearance/labels/zlabel/zlabel_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/zlabel/zlabel_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_zlabel_3](docs/examples/appearance/labels/zlabel/zlabel_3.png)](examples/appearance/labels/zlabel/zlabel_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/zlabel/zlabel_3.cpp"
```

Legend

legend({str1,str2,str3});

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_legend_1](docs/examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_1.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_legend_2](docs/examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_2.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_legend_3](docs/examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_3.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_legend_4](docs/examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_4.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_legend_5](docs/examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_5.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_legend_6](docs/examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_6.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_legend_7](docs/examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_7.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_legend_8](docs/examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_8.svg)](examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/labels/legend/legend_8.cpp"
```

Axis

X Limits

xlim({xmin,xmax});

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlim_1](docs/examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_1.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlim_2](docs/examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_2.png)](examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlim_3](docs/examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_3.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlim_4](docs/examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_4.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlim_5](docs/examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_5.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xlim_6](docs/examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_6.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/xlim/xlim_6.cpp"
```

Y Limits

ylim({ymin,ymax});

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylim_1](docs/examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_1.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylim_2](docs/examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_2.png)](examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylim_3](docs/examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_3.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylim_4](docs/examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_4.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylim_5](docs/examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_5.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ylim_6](docs/examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_6.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/ylim/ylim_6.cpp"
```

Z Limits

zlim({zmin,zmax});

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_zlim_1](docs/examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_1.png)](examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_zlim_2](docs/examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_2.png)](examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_zlim_3](docs/examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_3.png)](examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_zlim_4](docs/examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_4.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_zlim_5](docs/examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_5.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_zlim_6](docs/examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_6.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/zlim/zlim_6.cpp"
```

Adjust Axis

axis({xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax});

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_axis_1](docs/examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_1.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_axis_2](docs/examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_2.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_axis_3](docs/examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_3.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_axis_4](docs/examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_4.png)](examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_axis_5](docs/examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_5.png)](examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_axis_6](docs/examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_6.png)](examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_axis_7](docs/examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_7.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_axis_8](docs/examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_8.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/axis/axis_8.cpp"
```

Box

box(on);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_box_1](docs/examples/appearance/axis/box/box_1.png)](examples/appearance/axis/box/box_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/box/box_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_box_2](docs/examples/appearance/axis/box/box_2.png)](examples/appearance/axis/box/box_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/box/box_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_box_3](docs/examples/appearance/axis/box/box_3.svg)](examples/appearance/axis/box/box_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axis/box/box_3.cpp"
```

Grid

Grid Background

grid(on);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_grid_1](docs/examples/appearance/grid/grid/grid_1.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/grid/grid_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/grid/grid_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_grid_2](docs/examples/appearance/grid/grid/grid_2.png)](examples/appearance/grid/grid/grid_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/grid/grid_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_grid_3](docs/examples/appearance/grid/grid/grid_3.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/grid/grid_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/grid/grid_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_grid_4](docs/examples/appearance/grid/grid/grid_4.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/grid/grid_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/grid/grid_4.cpp"
```

X Ticks

xticks(xs);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_xticks_1](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_1.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_xticks_2](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_2.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xticks_3](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_3.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xticks_4](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_4.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xticks_5](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_5.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xticks_6](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_6.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xticks_7](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_7.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xticks_8](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_8.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xticks/xticks_8.cpp"
```

Y Ticks

yticks(ys);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_yticks_1](docs/examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_1.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_yticks_2](docs/examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_2.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_yticks_3](docs/examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_3.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_yticks_4](docs/examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_4.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_yticks_5](docs/examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_5.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_yticks_6](docs/examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_6.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_yticks_7](docs/examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_7.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_yticks_8](docs/examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_8.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/yticks/yticks_8.cpp"
```

Z Ticks

zticks(zs);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_zticks_1](docs/examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_1.png)](examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_zticks_2](docs/examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_2.png)](examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_zticks_3](docs/examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_3.png)](examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_zticks_4](docs/examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_4.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_zticks_5](docs/examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_5.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_zticks_6](docs/examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_6.png)](examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/zticks/zticks_6.cpp"
```

X Tick Labels

xticklabels(xstrs);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_xticklabels_1](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xticklabels/xticklabels_1.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xticklabels/xticklabels_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xticklabels/xticklabels_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_xticklabels_2](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xticklabels/xticklabels_2.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xticklabels/xticklabels_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xticklabels/xticklabels_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xticklabels_3](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xticklabels/xticklabels_3.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xticklabels/xticklabels_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xticklabels/xticklabels_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xticklabels_4](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xticklabels/xticklabels_4.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xticklabels/xticklabels_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xticklabels/xticklabels_4.cpp"
```

Y Tick Labels

yticklabels(ystrs);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_yticklabels_1](docs/examples/appearance/grid/yticklabels/yticklabels_1.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/yticklabels/yticklabels_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/yticklabels/yticklabels_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_yticklabels_2](docs/examples/appearance/grid/yticklabels/yticklabels_2.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/yticklabels/yticklabels_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/yticklabels/yticklabels_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_yticklabels_3](docs/examples/appearance/grid/yticklabels/yticklabels_3.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/yticklabels/yticklabels_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/yticklabels/yticklabels_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_yticklabels_4](docs/examples/appearance/grid/yticklabels/yticklabels_4.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/yticklabels/yticklabels_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/yticklabels/yticklabels_4.cpp"
```

X Tick Format

xtickformat(fmtstr);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_xtickformat_1](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_1.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_xtickformat_2](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_2.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xtickformat_3](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_3.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xtickformat_4](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_4.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xtickformat_5](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_5.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xtickformat/xtickformat_5.cpp"
```

Y Tick Format

ytickformat(fmtstr);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_ytickformat_1](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_1.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_ytickformat_2](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_2.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ytickformat_3](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_3.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ytickformat_4](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_4.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ytickformat_5](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_5.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ytickformat/ytickformat_5.cpp"
```

Z Tick Format

ztickformat(fmtstr);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_ztickformat_1](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_1.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_ztickformat_2](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_2.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ztickformat_3](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_3.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ztickformat_4](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_4.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ztickformat_5](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_5.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ztickformat/ztickformat_5.cpp"
```

X Tick Angle

xtickangle(ang);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_xtickangle_1](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xtickangle/xtickangle_1.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xtickangle/xtickangle_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xtickangle/xtickangle_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_xtickangle_2](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xtickangle/xtickangle_2.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xtickangle/xtickangle_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xtickangle/xtickangle_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_xtickangle_3](docs/examples/appearance/grid/xtickangle/xtickangle_3.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/xtickangle/xtickangle_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/xtickangle/xtickangle_3.cpp"
```

Y Tick Angle

ytickangle(ang);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_ytickangle_1](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ytickangle/ytickangle_1.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ytickangle/ytickangle_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ytickangle/ytickangle_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_ytickangle_2](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ytickangle/ytickangle_2.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ytickangle/ytickangle_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ytickangle/ytickangle_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_ytickangle_3](docs/examples/appearance/grid/ytickangle/ytickangle_3.svg)](examples/appearance/grid/ytickangle/ytickangle_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/grid/ytickangle/ytickangle_3.cpp"
```

Multiplot

Hold

hold(on);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_hold_1](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/hold/hold_1.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/hold/hold_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/hold/hold_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_hold_2](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/hold/hold_2.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/hold/hold_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/hold/hold_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_hold_3](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/hold/hold_3.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/hold/hold_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/hold/hold_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_hold_4](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/hold/hold_4.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/hold/hold_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/hold/hold_4.cpp"
```

YY-axis

plot(x, y)->use_y2(true);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_yyaxis_1](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_1.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_yyaxis_2](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_2.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_yyaxis_3](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_3.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_yyaxis_4](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_4.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_yyaxis_5](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_5.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_yyaxis_6](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_6.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/yyaxis/yyaxis_6.cpp"
```

Color Order

colororder(colors);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_colororder_1](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_1.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_colororder_2](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_2.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colororder_3](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_3.png)](examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colororder_4](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_4.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colororder_5](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_5.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colororder_6](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_6.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colororder_7](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_7.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/colororder/colororder_7.cpp"
```

Subplots

subplot(rows, cols, id);

Unlike other libraries, subplots uses 0-based indices.

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_1](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_1.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_2](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_2.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_3](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_3.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_4](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_4.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_5](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_5.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_6](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_6.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_7](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_7.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_8](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_8.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_9](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_9.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_9.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_10](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_10.png)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_10.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_10.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_11](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_11.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_11.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_11.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_12](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_12.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_12.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_12.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_subplot_13](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_13.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_13.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/subplot/subplot_13.cpp"
```

Tiled Layout

tiledlayout(rows, cols);
nexttile();

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_tiledlayout_1](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_1.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_tiledlayout_2](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_2.png)](examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_tiledlayout_3](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_3.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_tiledlayout_4](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_4.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_tiledlayout_5](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_5.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_tiledlayout_6](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_6.svg)](examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_tiledlayout_7](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_7.png)](examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_tiledlayout_8](docs/examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_8.png)](examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/multiplot/tiledlayout/tiledlayout_8.cpp"
```

Our tiling functions are convenience shortcuts for the subplot functions. If there is no room for the next tile, we automatically rearrange the axes and increase the number of subplot rows or columns to fit the next tile. Use subplots for more control over the subplots.

Colormaps

Colormap

As a convenience, the colors.h header contains many functions to generate colors from strings and vice-versa.

colormap(colors);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_colormap_1](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_1.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_colormap_2](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_2.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colormap_3](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_3.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colormap_4](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_4.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colormap_5](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_5.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colormap_6](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_6.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colormap_7](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_7.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colormap_8](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_8.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_8.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colormap_9](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_9.svg)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_9.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colormap/colormap_9.cpp"
```

Color Bar

colorbar();

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_colorbar_1](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_1.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_colorbar_2](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_2.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colorbar_3](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_3.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colorbar_4](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_4.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colorbar_5](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_5.svg)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colorbar_6](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_6.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_colorbar_7](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_7.png)](examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/colorbar/colorbar_7.cpp"
```

RGB Plot

rgbplot(colors);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_rgbplot_1](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/rgbplot/rgbplot_1.svg)](examples/appearance/colormaps/rgbplot/rgbplot_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/rgbplot/rgbplot_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_rgbplot_2](docs/examples/appearance/colormaps/rgbplot/rgbplot_2.svg)](examples/appearance/colormaps/rgbplot/rgbplot_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/colormaps/rgbplot/rgbplot_2.cpp"
```

Camera

View

view(az, el);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_view_1](docs/examples/appearance/camera/view/view_1.png)](examples/appearance/camera/view/view_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/camera/view/view_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_view_2](docs/examples/appearance/camera/view/view_2.png)](examples/appearance/camera/view/view_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/camera/view/view_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_view_3](docs/examples/appearance/camera/view/view_3.svg)](examples/appearance/camera/view/view_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/camera/view/view_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_view_4](docs/examples/appearance/camera/view/view_4.svg)](examples/appearance/camera/view/view_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/camera/view/view_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_view_5](docs/examples/appearance/camera/view/view_5.svg)](examples/appearance/camera/view/view_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/camera/view/view_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_view_6](docs/examples/appearance/camera/view/view_6.png)](examples/appearance/camera/view/view_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/camera/view/view_6.cpp"
```

Lighting

surf(x, y, z)->lighting(true);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_lighting_1](docs/examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_1.png)](examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_lighting_2](docs/examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_2.png)](examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_lighting_3](docs/examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_3.png)](examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_lighting_4](docs/examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_4.png)](examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_lighting_5](docs/examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_5.png)](examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_lighting_6](docs/examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_6.png)](examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/camera/lighting/lighting_6.cpp"
```

Figure Object

figure();

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_figure_1](docs/examples/appearance/figure/figure_1.svg)](examples/appearance/figure/figure_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/figure/figure_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_figure_2](docs/examples/appearance/figure/figure_2.svg)](examples/appearance/figure/figure_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/figure/figure_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_figure_3](docs/examples/appearance/figure/figure_3.svg)](examples/appearance/figure/figure_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/figure/figure_3.cpp"
```

Line Specs

fplot(fn, spec_str);

See result

===! "Plot"

[![example_line_spec_1](docs/examples/appearance/line_spec/line_spec_1.svg)](examples/appearance/line_spec/line_spec_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/line_spec/line_spec_1.cpp"
```

Axes Object

auto ax1 = gca();

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_axes_1](docs/examples/appearance/axes/axes_1.svg)](examples/appearance/axes/axes_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axes/axes_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_axes_2](docs/examples/appearance/axes/axes_2.png)](examples/appearance/axes/axes_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axes/axes_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_axes_3](docs/examples/appearance/axes/axes_3.svg)](examples/appearance/axes/axes_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/axes/axes_3.cpp"
```

Clear Axes

cla();

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_cla_1](docs/examples/appearance/cla/cla_1.svg)](examples/appearance/cla/cla_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/cla/cla_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_cla_2](docs/examples/appearance/cla/cla_2.svg)](examples/appearance/cla/cla_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/cla/cla_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_cla_3](docs/examples/appearance/cla/cla_3.svg)](examples/appearance/cla/cla_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/appearance/cla/cla_3.cpp"
```

Saving (Manually)

The interactive plot window contains a widget to save the current figure. Because this widget uses the same backend as the one used to produce the interactive image, the final image matches closely what the user sees in the window.

Saving (Programatically)

You can programmatically save the figure in a number of formats with the save function:

save(filename);

or

save(filename, fileformat);

See result

More examples:

===! "Plot"

[![example_save_1](docs/examples/exporting/save/save_1.png)](examples/exporting/save/save_1.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/exporting/save/save_1.cpp"
```

More examples

===! "Plot"

[![example_save_2](docs/examples/exporting/save/save_2.png)](examples/exporting/save/save_2.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/exporting/save/save_2.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_save_3](docs/examples/exporting/save/save_3.png)](examples/exporting/save/save_3.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/exporting/save/save_3.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_save_4](docs/examples/exporting/save/save_4.svg)](examples/exporting/save/save_4.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/exporting/save/save_4.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_save_5](docs/examples/exporting/save/save_5.svg)](examples/exporting/save/save_5.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/exporting/save/save_5.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_save_6](docs/examples/exporting/save/save_6.svg)](examples/exporting/save/save_6.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/exporting/save/save_6.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_save_7](docs/examples/exporting/save/save_7.svg)](examples/exporting/save/save_7.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/exporting/save/save_7.cpp"
```

===! "Plot"

[![example_save_8](docs/examples/exporting/save/save_8.png)](examples/exporting/save/save_8.cpp)

=== "C++"

```cpp
--8<-- "examples/exporting/save/save_8.cpp"
```

The first option (save(filename)) infers the appropriate file format from the filename extension. In both cases (save(filename) and save(filename,fileformat)), this function temporarily changes the backend to a non-interactive backend appropriate to draw the figure. A different backend is used for each format and, depending on the format, the final image does not necessarily match what is on the interactive plot window. The reason is that some file formats purposefully do not include the same features.

For instance, consider the bar chart generated by

vector<double> x = {29, 17, 14, 13, 12, 4, 11};
bar(x);

If we export the image with

save("barchart.svg");

we get the vector graphics

See result

Exporting the image with

save("barchart.txt");

generates a representation of the image appropriate for text or markdown files, such as

See result


       30 +-----------------------------------------------------------+
          |    *******   +       +      +       +      +       +      |
          |    *     *                                                |
       25 |-+  *     *                                              +-|
          |    *     *                                                |
          |    *     *                                                |
       20 |-+  *     *                                              +-|
          |    *     *                                                |
          |    *     ********                                         |
       15 |-+  *     **     *                                       +-|
          |    *     **     * *******                                 |
          |    *     **     * *     ******** *******                  |
          |    *     **     * *     **     * *     *        *******   |
       10 |-+  *     **     * *     **     * *     *        *     * +-|
          |    *     **     * *     **     * *     *        *     *   |
          |    *     **     * *     **     * *     *        *     *   |
        5 |-+  *     **     * *     **     * *     ******** *     * +-|
          |    *     **     * *     **     * *     **     * *     *   |
          |    *  +  **  +  * *  +  **  +  * *  +  **  +  * *  +  *   |
        0 +-----------------------------------------------------------+
                  1      2       3      4       5      6       7

As the last example, saving an image with

save("barchart.tex");

would save the image in a format appropriate to embed in latex documents, such as

See result

This exports the image in a format in which the labels are replaced by latex text so that the plot fits the rest of the document.

Coding styles

Member vs. Free-standing Functions

Like in Matplotlib, we support two coding styles: Free-standing functions and an Object-oriented interface.

These two examples would generate the same plot:

=== "Free-standing functions"

```cpp
auto ax = gca();
plot(ax, x, y)->color("red").line_width(2);
my_function(ax);
```

=== "Object-oriented interface"

```cpp
auto ax = gca();
ax->plot(x, y)->color("red").line_width(2);
my_function(ax);
```

Freestanding functions:
- We call functions to create plots on the current axes
- The global current axes object is the current axes object in the current figure in the global figure registry
- For instance, one can use plot(y); to create a line plot on the current axes (or create a new axes object if needed).
- Also, one can use plot(ax,y); to create a line plot on the axes object ax.
- This is less verbose for small projects and quick tests.
- The library looks for existing axes to create the plot.
Object-oriented interface:
- We explicitly create figures and call methods on them
- For instance, one can use ax->plot(y); to plot on the axes object ax
- We can create the same line plot on the current axes by auto ax = gca(); ax->plot(y);
- This is less verbose and provides better control in large projects where we need to pass these objects around
- The user manages axes handles containing plots.

All free-standing functions are templated functions that use meta-programming to call the main function on the current axes object. If the first parameter is not an axes_handle, it will get an axes_handle from the figure registry with gca (Section Axes Object) and forward all parameters to the function in this axes object. If the first parameter is an axes_handle, the template function will forward all parameters, but the first one, to this axes object. This use of templates for the free-standing functions keeps both coding styles maintainable by the developers.

Note that, because the example needs the axes object for the function my_function, we also need to get a reference to the axes object with the free-standing functions. In that case, the free-standing functions are not less verbose than the object-oriented interface.

To adhere to free-standing functions, we could create two versions of my_function: one that receives an axes_handle, and a second version that would get an axes_handle from the figure registry and call the first version. If my_function is going to be exposed to other users as a library, this could be a convenience to these users. However, notice that this is only moving the verbosity from the main function to my_function. In fact, this is how the free-standing functions in Matplot++ work.

Reactive vs. Quiet Figures

There are also two modes for figures: reactive (or interactive) mode and quiet mode.

=== "Reactive mode"

```cpp
// Reactive mode
auto f = figure(false);
auto ax = f->gca();
auto p = ax->plot(ax, x, y);   // draws once
p->color("red").line_width(2); // draws twice more
show();                        // pause console
```

=== "Quiet mode"

```cpp
// Quiet mode
auto f = figure(true);
auto ax = f->gca();
auto p = ax->plot(x,y);        // does not draw
p->color("red").line_width(2); // does not draw
f->show();                     // draw only once and pause console
```

Figures in reactive mode are updated whenever any of their child objects change. This happens through the touch function, that gets called on any child object when it changes its appearance. This creates an interactive mode in which figures are updated as soon as we adjust their properties. If we combine interactive figures with free-standing functions, we have a "Matlab-like style" for plots. This is a coding pattern where the figure registry works as a stream for plots. The problem with this coding style is that the user might unnecessarily create useless intermediary plots.

Figures in quiet mode are updated by calling the functions draw() or show() (Section Reactive Figures). Unless these functions are called, nothing changes in the figure. The combination of the object-oriented coding style and quiet mode is the "OO-Matplotlib-like style" for plots. This is a coding style in which the user explicitly decides when the plot is shown or updated. This is beneficial to applications that cannot waste computational resources on intermediary figures that might not be valuable to the application.

We generally use free-standing functions with reactive mode and the object-oriented interface with quiet mode. By default, new figures are in reactive mode, unless it is using an non-interactive backend. One can turn this reactive mode on and off with:

ion() or ioff() free-standing functions
reactive(bool) or quiet(bool) function on the figure object
figure(true) or figure(false) when explicitly creating a new figure

For convenience, the examples in Section Examples use the reactive mode. The show function pauses the console until the user interacts with the plot window. If the backend is based on process pipes, because these are unidirectional, closing the window is not enough to resume. The user needs to use the console to unblock execution. A similar example is quiet mode would be

In this example, the figure is only updated once. The user could replace the show function with the draw function, but the window would close as soon as execution completes. It is important to use show() with caution. These functions are meant for some particular executables so that an interactive plot does not close before the user can see it. It is probably unreasonable to call these functions inside a library because the user would have to manually interfere with the execution to continue.

Method Chaining

To support a more compact syntax, the library allows method chaining on plot objects. For instance, we can create a simple line plot and modify its appearance by

=== "Object Handle"

```cpp
// Using the line handle
auto p = plot(x,y,"--gs");
p->line_width(2);
p->marker_size(10);
p->marker_color("b");
p->marker_face_color({.5,.5,.5});
```

=== "Method Chaining"

```cpp
// Method chaining
plot(x,y,"--gs")
  ->line_width(2)
  .marker_size(10)
  .marker_color("b")
  .marker_face_color({.5,.5,.5});
```

The first code snippet works because plot returns a line_handle to the object in the axes. We can use this line handle to modify the line plot. Whenever we modify a property, the setter function calls touch, which will draw the figure again if it is in reactive mode. The second option works because setters return a reference to *this rather than void.

Ranges

The plotting functions work on any range of elements convertible to double. For instance, we can create a line plot from a set of elements by

set<int> y = {6,3,8,2,5};
plot(y);

Any object that has the functions begin and end are considered iterable ranges. Most axes object subclasses use vector<double> or vector<vector<double>> to store their data. For convenience, the common.h header file includes the aliases vector_1d and vector_2d to these data types.

These conversions also work on ranges of ranges:

vector<set<int>> Y = { {6, 3, 8, 2, 5}, {6, 3, 5, 8, 2} };
plot(Y);

Unfortunately, because of how templated functions work, one exception is initializer lists. Initializer lists only work for functions that are explicitly defined for them.

Common Utilities

The headers common.h and colors.h include a number of utilities we use in our examples. These include naive functions to:

generate and manipulate vectors and strings;
handle RGBA color arrays;
convert points to and from polar coordinates;
read files to strings;
write strings to files;
calculate gradients;
read, write, and manipulate images;
and generate vectors with random numbers.

Although some of these functions might be helpful, most functions only operate on std::vector<double> and they are not intended to be a library of utilities. The sole purpose of these algorithms is to simplify the examples.

Backends

This library currently include a GnuPlot backend and an experimental OpenGL backend. Coming up with new backends is a continuous process. See the complete article for a description of the backend interface, a description of the current default backend (Gnuplot pipe), and what's involved in possible new backends. See the directory source/matplot/backend for some examples. Also, have a look at this example test/backends/main.cpp.

If you're in a hurry, here is a summary of the backends we have and the backends we have been considering or are working on:

Gnuplot
- Pros: It seems to be working for everyone.
- Cons: Pipes are comparatively slow and unidirectional
- In practice, this is default backend you'll get right now.
OpenGL
- Pros: Efficient for many FPS.
- Cons: Blocks the main thread on some operating systems
- The experimental OpenGL backend already works for some plot categories. ^{see 1}
Qt
- Same as OpenGL ^{see 1, 2}
AGG
- Pros: Great for vector graphics
- Cons: Unmaintained, 2D only, and non-interactive by itself ^{see 1, 2, 3}

Motivation and Details

If you are interested in understanding how the library works, you can read the details in the complete article. It describes the relationship between its main objects, the backend interface, how to create new plot categories, its limitations, and compares this library with similar alternatives.

Community

Get Involved

After getting started with this library, please complete this survey to let us know how we can improve your experience.
Discussions are concentrated on our GitHub discussions page. Don't refrain from asking questions and proposing ideas. If this library helps you create something interesting, please divulge it with the community.
If you are a programmer with good ideas, please share these ideas with us.
Academic collaboration is more than welcome. It'd be great to see this library help people write lots and lots of academic papers.

Ideas and Roadmap

Feel free to contribute with new features to this library. For complex features and changes, consider getting feedback from the community first. Contributing to an existing code base with its own conventions might seem intricate at first but please don't let that discourage you from sharing your ideas.

There are many ways in which you can contribute to this library:

Testing the library in new environments ^{see 1, 2, 3}
Contributing with interesting examples ^{see 1}
Designing new backends ^{see 1, 2, 3, 4}
Finding problems in this documentation ^{see 1}
Writing algorithms for new plot categories ^{see 1}
Finding bugs in general ^{see 1, 2, 3, 4}
Whatever idea seems interesting to you

The only thing we ask you is to make sure your contribution is not destructive. Some contributions in which we are not interested are:

"I don't like this optional feature so I removed/deprecated it"
"I removed this feature to support older versions of C++" but have not provided an equivalent alternative
"I removed this feature so I don't have to install/update ______" but have not provided an equivalent alternative
"I'm creating this high-cost promise that we'll support ________ forever" but I'm not sticking around to keep that promise

In doubt, please open a discussion first

Contributing Guidelines

If contributing with code, please leave the OpenGL backend and pedantic mode ON (-DBUILD_EXPERIMENTAL_OPENGL_BACKEND=ON -DBUILD_WITH_PEDANTIC_WARNINGS=ON), use cppcheck, and clang-format.

Example: CLion

If contributing to the documentation, please edit README.md directly, as the files in ./docs are automatically generated with mdsplit.

Contributors

_{Alan De Freitas}	_{Duncan Ogilvie}	_{Luis CC!ceres}	_{Matthew-hennefarth}	_Actions-user	_Alex
_Rath3t	_{Marcus Asteborg}	_{Edvins Mineikis}	_Gitplcc	_{Randy Jones}	_Sammi
_{BjC6rn Sundin}	_{Dimitrij Mijoski}	_MaBnt	_Morwenn	_{Niclas Wall Wennerdal}	_{Solo Super}
_{Akash Patel}	_Eagle-dai	_Myd7349	_wjdragon	_{Andrew Kane}

We would also like to thank The Icculus Microgrant.

References

These are some references we used for this work:

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