chore: update sigs.k8s.io/karpenter to v1.8.2

[tallaxes]

Description

Update sigs.k8s.io/karpenter to v1.8.2, enable static capacity support

How was this change tested?

• make presubmit
• Manual FOCUS=StaticCapacity make az-upstream-e2etests. Proper CI integration for testing of this is best done via chore: incorporate upstream E2E tests #1363

Does this change impact docs?

• Yes, PR includes docs updates
• Yes, issue opened: #
• No

Release Note

[tallaxes]

Manual run of upstream StaticCapacity passed 10/12, the failures are likely due to metric-server etc. sticky overprovisioning, but have not investigated yet

$ FOCUS=StaticCapacity make az-upstream-e2etests
...
Summarizing 2 Failures:
  [FAIL] StaticCapacity Dynamic NodeClaim Interaction [It] should provision dynamic nodeclaims when static nodeclaims cant satisfy pod constraints
  /go/pkg/mod/sigs.k8s.io/karpenter@v1.8.2/test/suites/regression/staticcapacity_test.go:423
  [FAIL] StaticCapacity Edge Cases [It] should handle NodePool deletion gracefully
  /go/pkg/mod/sigs.k8s.io/karpenter@v1.8.2/test/suites/regression/staticcapacity_test.go:507

Ran 12 of 74 Specs in 3486.442 seconds
FAIL! -- 10 Passed | 2 Failed | 0 Pending | 62 Skipped

[matthchr]

Approved - feel free to ping me if you push updates and need me to reapprove

[tallaxes]

Update on testing: There are three (upstream) tests failing. Two are issues with test code (in one case it loses our NodePool labels/startupTaints causing overprovisioning, another needs a bit of timing adjustment / Eventually to work for Azure provider. The third one however appears to be a real problem: The static provisioner controller does not check if NodePool is being deleted, and can keep provisioning NodeClaims. For some reason this does not surface in AWS testing (I presume).

All of the above should be fixed by kubernetes-sigs/karpenter#2840; we should hold this until fixes land.

[tallaxes]

Temp point to fork for validation. All three previously-failing StaticCapacity tests pass with the tallaxes/karpenter-core fork (branch tallaxes/staticcapacity-fix-v1.8.2). The fork's fixes (DeletionTimestamp check in controller.go, preserving labels/startupTaints from provider NodePool, and Eventually() wrapper in the test) are validated end-to-end against the AKS cluster.