listNtuple.py

# 1. List Kaise Banate Hain?
# List banane ke liye hum square brackets [] ka istemal karte hain. Its versatile and mutable in nature

'''phal = ["Aam", "Kela", "Seb"]
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]
mix = ["Ali", 25, True] # List mein kuch bhi daal sakte hain'''

# 2. List ki Khasiyat (Features)

'''Ordered: Cheezein ek khaas tartib (order) mein rehti hain.

Changeable (Mutable): Aap list banane ke baad usmein cheezein badal sakte hain, string ap change nhi krskte.

Duplicates: Ek hi naam do baar likh sakte hain.'''

# 3. List se Cheezein Nikalna (Accessing)

'''String ki tarah yahan bhi ginti 0 se shuru hoti hai.

Python
cars = ["Ford", "Toyota", "BMW"]

print(cars[0])  # Output: Ford
print(cars[-1]) # Output: BMW (Piche se pehla)'''

# 4. List ko badalna (Updating)

'''Aap kisi bhi waqt list ka koi item badal sakte hain:

Python
rang = ["Laal", "Neela", "Hara"]
rang[1] = "Peela" # Neela ki jagah Peela aa jayega
print(rang) # ["Laal", "Peela", "Hara"]

a = [10,35,78]

a[2] = 67
print(a)     #output: 10,35,67'''


# Indexing and Slicing
# List mein Indexing aur Slicing bilkul wese hi kaam karti hain jaise Strings mein karti hain. Bas farq ye hai ki yahan letters ki jagah poore Items (words ya numbers) hote hain.


# 1. List Indexing (Position) Har item ka ek pakka number hota hai
'''
Positive Indexing: 0 se shuru hoti hai (Baayein se Daayein).
Negative Indexing: -1 se shuru hoti hai (Piche se Shuru).

sabzi = ["Aloo", "Pyaz", "Tamatar", "Mutter"]

print(sabzi[0])   # Output: Aloo
print(sabzi[2])   # Output: Tamatar
print(sabzi[-1])  # Output: Mutter (Sabse aakhri) '''

# 2. List Slicing (Hissa Kaatna)Jab aapko ek se zyada items chahiye hon, toh hum slicing karte hain.

''' Formula: list[start : stop : step]

sabzi[0:2]['Aloo', 'Pyaz'] Index 0 aur 1 (2 shamil nahi hai).
sabzi[1:]['Pyaz', 'Tamatar', 'Mutter'] Index 1 se lekar aakhir tak.sabzi[:3]['Aloo', 'Pyaz', 'Tamatar'] Shuru se lekar index 3 se pehle tak.
sabzi[::2]['Aloo', 'Tamatar'] Ek item chhor kar (Step 2)'''


# 3. Slicing se List badalna List "Mutable" (badalne wali) hoti hai, isliye aap slicing ka use karke ek saath kai items badal sakte hain.

''' numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
numbers[1:3] = [20, 30] 

print(numbers) # Output: [1, 20, 30, 4, 5]

# Index 1 aur 2 ki jagah naye numbers aa gaye. '''


# 4. List ko Ulta (Reverse) karnaSlicing ka sabse asaan use list ko ulta karne ke liye hota hai

''' data = [10, 20, 30]
ulta_data = data[::-1]

print(ulta_data) # Output: [30, 20, 10]

Yaad Rakhein: * indexing se aapko ek item milta hai.
slicing se aapko ek nayi choti list milti hai.'''

# List ke Zaroori Methods (Shortcuts)
# List ke saath kaam karne ke liye Python mein bahut saare shortcuts hain:

''' Method	Kya karta hai?

.append()	Aakhir mein naya item jorna.	
list.append("Naya item")

.insert()	Kisi khaas jagah par item rakhna.	
list.insert(1, "Beech mein")

.remove()	Kisi item ko nikaal dena.	
list.remove("Kela")

.pop()	Aakhri item nikaal dena.	
list.pop()

.sort()	List ko sahi tartib (A-Z) mein lagana.	
list.sort()'''

# Iteration Same as String
# List par Iteration ka matlab hai uske har ek item ko bari-bari check karna ya istemal karna. Iske liye hum Loops ka use karte hain.

'''1. for loop (Sabse aasaan)
Is mein loop khud hi ek-ek karke item uthata hai.

p = ["Aam", "Kela", "Seb"]

for i in p:
    print("Mujhe pasand hai:", p)

Kaise kaam karta hai: Pehli baar i mein "Aam" jayega, doosri baar "Kela", aur teesri baar "Seb".'''

'''2. for loop ke saath range()
Agar aapko item ke saath-saath uska index (number) bhi chahiye, toh hum range() ka istemal karte hain.

Python
p = ["Aam", "Kela", "Seb"]

for i in range(len(p)):
    print(f"Number {i} par hai: {p[i]}")'''

# List Comprehension

'''Agar aapko ek line mein loop chala kar nayi list banani ho, toh Python mein ye shortcut hota hai:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]

# Sab numbers ko double kar do

doubles = [x * 2 for x in numbers]

print(doubles)  # Output: [2, 4, 6, 8]'''

# Summary:

'''Sirf items chahiye? for x in list use karein.

Index bhi chahiye? enumerate() use karein.

Nayi list banani hai? List Comprehension use karein.'''

#-------------------------------

#Tuple
#ek esa storage jaha hm kuch bhi bd m bhi change nhi krskte.

'''Tuple bilkul List ki tarah hoti hai, lekin ismein ek bahut bada farq hai: Ye badli nahi ja sakti.

Ise hum Python mein "Immutable" kehte hain. Matlab ek baar Tuple bana di, toh na usmein kuch naya daal sakte hain, na nikaal sakte hain.'''


'''. Tuple Kaise Banate Hain?
Tuple banane ke liye hum gol brackets () ka istemal karte hain jese list m hm square barcket use krte [].


color = ("Laal", "Hara", "Neela")
numbers = (1, 2, 3)
ek_item = ("Ali",)   # Sirf ek item ho toh comma (,) lagana zaroori hai'''


'''Indexing aur Slicing
Yahan bhi sab kuch List aur String jaisa hi hai. Ginti 0 se shuru hoti hai.

data = ("Apple", "Google", "Microsoft")

print(data[0])   # Output: Apple
print(data[1:3]) # Output: ('Google', 'Microsoft')'''


'''Kya cheez kaam nahi karegi? (Error Kab Aayega?)
Chunke Tuple badli nahi ja sakti, isliye ye kaam error denge:

t = (1, 2, 3)
t[0] = 10  # Error! Aap item badal nahi sakte.
t.append(4) # Error! Naya item nahi jor sakte.'''

#soft copy as hard copy through tuple

'''a = [1,2,3,4]
b = a
b[0] = 12
print (a) #can change easily 
'''
'''
a = [1,2,3,4]
b = tuple(a)

b[0] = 12
print (a) # Error (TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment)'''

#loop in tuple
'''
a = (2,4,7,9,5)

for i in range(len(a)):
    print(a[i])'''


#Packing aur Unpacking (Mazedaar Feature)
'''
Aap Tuple ke items ko alag-alag variables mein baant sakte hain:

fruits = ("Aam", "Kela")
(p1, p2) = fruits

print(p1) # Output: Aam
print(p2) # Output: Kela

Asan Tip: Tuple tab use karein jab aapke paas aisa data ho jo kabhi badalna nahi chahiye (jaise ki haftay ke dino ke naam, ya shehar ka location).'''