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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang’s Smoking Gun</title>
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<h2 id="headline" class="body-container">
Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang’s Smoking Gun
</h2>
<figure>
<img id="cover" src="images/cosmos.jpg" alt="Alan Guth" />
<figcaption>
Alan Guth was one of the first physicists to hypothesize the
existence of inflation, which explains how the universe expanded
so uniformly and so quickly in the instant after the Big Bang 13.8
billion years ago.
<p class="citation">Rick Friedman for The New York Times</p>
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<p id="author" class="body-container">
By
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/by/dennis-overbye"
>Dennis Overbye</a
>
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<ul class="sharing body-container">
<li id="published">March 17, 2014</li>
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<p>
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — One night late in 1979, an itinerant young
physicist named Alan Guth, with a new son and a year’s appointment
at Stanford, stayed up late with his notebook and equations,
venturing far beyond the world of known physics.
<br />
He was trying to understand why there was no trace of some exotic
particles that should have been created in the Big Bang. Instead he
discovered what might have made the universe bang to begin with. A
potential hitch in the presumed course of cosmic evolution could
have infused space itself with a special energy that exerted a
repulsive force, causing the universe to swell faster than the speed
of light for a prodigiously violent instant.
<br />
If true, the rapid engorgement would solve paradoxes like why the
heavens look uniform from pole to pole and not like a jagged, warped
mess. The enormous ballooning would iron out all the wrinkles and
irregularities. Those particles were not missing, but would be
diluted beyond detection, like spit in the ocean.
<br />
“SPECTACULAR REALIZATION,” Dr. Guth wrote across the top of the page
and drew a double box around it.
<br />
On Monday, Dr. Guth’s starship came in. Radio astronomers reported
that they had seen the beginning of the Big Bang, and that his
hypothesis, known undramatically as inflation, looked right.
<br />
Reaching back across 13.8 billion years to
<a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJYc9YmKIO8&feature=youtu.be"
>the first sliver of cosmic time</a
>
with telescopes at the South Pole, a team of astronomers led by John
M. Kovac of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics detected
ripples in the fabric of space-time — so-called
<a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/science/ligo-gravitational-waves-black-holes-einstein.html"
>gravitational waves</a
>
— the signature of a universe being wrenched violently apart when it
was roughly a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second
old. They are the long-sought smoking-gun evidence of inflation,
proof, Dr. Kovac and his colleagues say, that Dr. Guth was correct.
<br />
</p>
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<p>
Inflation has been the workhorse of cosmology for 35 years, though
many, including Dr. Guth, wondered whether it could ever be proved.
<br />
If corroborated, Dr. Kovac’s work will stand as a landmark in
science comparable to the recent discovery of dark energy pushing
the universe apart, or of the Big Bang itself. It would open vast
realms of time and space and energy to science and speculation.
<br />
Confirming inflation would mean that the universe we see, extending
14 billion light-years in space with its hundreds of billions of
galaxies, is only an infinitesimal patch in a larger cosmos whose
extent, architecture and fate are unknowable. Moreover, beyond our
own universe there might be an endless number of other universes
bubbling into frothy eternity, like a pot of pasta water boiling
over.
<br />
</p>
<h3>‘As Big as It Gets’</h3>
<p>
In our own universe, it would serve as a window into the forces
operating at energies forever beyond the reach of particle
accelerators on Earth and yield new insights into gravity itself.
Dr. Kovac’s ripples would be the first direct observation of
gravitational waves, which, according to Einstein’s theory of
general relativity, should ruffle space-time.
<br />
Marc Kamionkowski of Johns Hopkins University, an early-universe
expert who was not part of the team, said, “This is huge, as big as
it gets.”<br />
He continued, “This is a signal from the very earliest universe,
sending a telegram encoded in gravitational waves.” <br />
The ripples manifested themselves as faint spiral patterns in a bath
of microwave radiation that permeates space and preserves a picture
of the universe when it was 380,000 years old and as hot as the
surface of the sun.<br />
Dr. Kovac and his collaborators, working in an experiment known as
Bicep, for Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization,
reported their results in a scientific briefing at the Center for
Astrophysics here on Monday and in a set of papers submitted to The
Astrophysical Journal.
</p>
<p id="article-note">
A version of this article appears in print on March 18, 2014,
Section A, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: Space
Ripples Reveal Big Bang’s Smoking Gun
<a href="http://www.nytreprints.com/">Order Reprints</a> |
<a href="">Today's Paper</a> |
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