c_routing.bib

@article{vanderlaan_reducing_2008,
  title = {Reducing the risk of lethal encounters: vessels and right whales in the Bay of Fundy and on the Scotian Shelf},
  volume = {4},
  issn = {1863-5407},
  shorttitle = {Reducing the risk of lethal encounters},
  timestamp = {2010-11-29 03:37:19},
  number = {3},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  author = {Vanderlaan, A. S.M and Taggart, C. T and Serdynska, A. R and Kenney, R. D and Brown, M. W},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {283},
  file = {Vanderlaan2008.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/QKHAN9VT/Vanderlaan2008.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{urban_graph_2009,
  title = {Graph models of habitat mosaics},
  volume = {12},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01271.x},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01271.x},
  abstract = {Graph theory is a body of mathematics dealing with problems of connectivity, flow, and routing in networks ranging from social groups to computer networks. Recently, network applications have erupted in many fields, and graph models are now being applied in landscape ecology and conservation biology, particularly for applications couched in metapopulation theory. In these applications, graph nodes represent habitat patches or local populations and links indicate functional connections among populations (i.e. via dispersal). Graphs are models of more complicated real systems, and so it is appropriate to review these applications from the perspective of modelling in general. Here we review recent applications of network theory to habitat patches in landscape mosaics. We consider (1) the conceptual model underlying these applications; (2) formalization and implementation of the graph model; (3) model parameterization; (4) model testing, insights, and predictions available through graph analyses; and (5) potential implications for conservation biology and related applications. In general, and for a variety of ecological systems, we find the graph model a remarkably robust framework for applications concerned with habitat connectivity. We close with suggestions for further work on the parameterization and validation of graph models, and point to some promising analytic insights.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 03:35:54},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2010-03-19},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  author = {Urban, Dean L. and Minor, Emily S. and Treml, Eric A. and Schick, Robert S.},
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {Connectivity,Conservation,Graph theory,habitat,Landscape,Metapopulation,Network analysis},
  pages = {260--273},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9QXUVVQC/full.html:text/html;Urban et al. - 2009 - Graph models of habitat mosaics.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/M87I2TN5/Urban et al. - 2009 - Graph models of habitat mosaics.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{kearney_mechanistic_2009,
  title = {Mechanistic niche modelling: combining physiological and spatial data to predict species' ranges},
  volume = {12},
  issn = {1461023X},
  shorttitle = {Mechanistic niche modelling},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01277.x/full},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01277.x},
  timestamp = {2011-03-27 02:51:12},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2011-03-27},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  author = {Kearney, Michael and Porter, Warren},
  month = apr,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {334--350}
}

@article{schick_striking_2009,
  title = {Striking the right balance in right whale conservation},
  volume = {66},
  issn = {1205-7533},
  url = {http://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org:8080/handle/1912/3164},
  doi = {10.1139/F09-115},
  abstract = {Despite many years of study and protection, the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) remains on the brink of extinction. There is a crucial gap in our understanding of their habitat use in the migratory corridor along the eastern seaboard of the United States. Here, we characterize habitat suitability in migrating right whales in relation to depth, distance to shore, and the recently enacted ship speed regulations near major ports. We find that the range of suitable habitat exceeds previous estimates and that, as compared with the enacted 20 nautical mile buffer, the originally proposed 30 nautical mile buffer would protect more habitat for this critically endangered species.},
  timestamp = {2010-06-08 17:37:03},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2010-03-29},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  author = {Schick, Robert S. and Halpin, Patrick N. and Read, Andrew J. and Slay, Christopher K. and Kraus, Scott D. and Mate, Bruce R. and Baumgartner, Mark F. and Roberts, Jason J. and Best, Benjamin D. and Good, Caroline P. and Loarie, Scott R. and Clark, James S.},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {1399--1403},
  file = {fr73-60173.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PHKP9DAA/fr73-60173.pdf:application/pdf;Google Scholar Linked Page:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/X5BA3GP7/Schick et al. - 2009 - Striking the right balance in right whale conserva.pdf:application/pdf;SchickEtAlMigratoryCorridor.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2SDEX8M5/SchickEtAlMigratoryCorridor.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wood_gis_2007,
  title = {{GIS}-Based Multicriteria Evaluation and Fuzzy Sets to Identify Priority Sites for Marine Protection},
  volume = {16},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9035-8},
  doi = {10.1007/s10531-006-9035-8},
  abstract = {Abstract  There is an increasing momentum within the marine conservation community to develop representative networks of marine protected
areas (MPAs) covering up to 30\% of global marine habitats. However, marine conservation initiatives are perceived as uncoordinated
at most levels of planning and decision-making. These initiatives also face the challenge of being in conflict with ongoing
drives for sustained or increased resource extraction. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop large scale theoretical frameworks
that explicitly address conflicting objectives that are embedded in the design and development of a global MPA network. Further,
the frameworks must be able to guide the implementation of smaller scale initiatives within this global context. This research
examines the applicability of an integrated spatial decision support framework based on geographic information systems (GIS),
multicriteria evaluation (MCE) and fuzzy sets to objectively identify priority locations for future marine protection. MCE
is a well-established optimisation method used extensively in land use resource allocation and decision support, and which
has to date been underutilised in marine planning despite its potential to guide such efforts. The framework presented here
was implemented in the Pacific Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) using two conflicting objectives - biodiversity conservation
and fisheries profit-maximisation. The results indicate that the GIS-based MCE framework supports the objective identification
of priority locations for future marine protection. This is achieved by integrating multi-source spatial data, facilitating
the simultaneous combination of multiple objectives, explicitly including stakeholder preferences in the decisions, and providing
visualisation capabilities to better understand how global MPA networks might be developed under conditions of uncertainty
and complexity.},
  timestamp = {2009-02-17 01:45:00},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2009-02-17},
  journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
  author = {Wood, Louisa and Dragicevic, Suzana},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {2539--2558},
  file = {Wood and Dragicevic - 2007 - GIS-Based Multicriteria Evaluation and Fuzzy Sets .pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Q3F2VCTA/Wood and Dragicevic - 2007 - GIS-Based Multicriteria Evaluation and Fuzzy Sets .pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wiley_modeling_2011,
  title = {Modeling speed restrictions to mitigate lethal collisions between ships and whales in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, {USA}},
  volume = {144},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711001947},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2011.05.007},
  abstract = {Collision with ships is a significant cause of mortality among endangered whales. Collision lethality increases with vessel speed and mitigation includes slowing ships in whale dense areas. The 2181\&\#xa0;km2 Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) is a site of numerous whale/ship collisions. To understand how speed reduction measures reduce lethal collisions, we used GIS to apply hypothetical speed reductions to observed ship traffic within SBNMS. During 2006, we collected complete AIS data from SBNMS vessel traffic. We created 1.85\&\#xa0;km2 (N\&\#xa0;=\&\#xa0;810) grid cells covering SBNMS and determined each cell's predicted probability of lethality (PLETH) from the cell's mean speed and a mortality curve. We calculated average PLETH for the entire sanctuary (SPLETH), and used SPLETH to index status quo risk. We applied speed limits of 16, 14, 12, and 10\&\#xa0;knots on transits and recalculated SPLETH for each scenario. Our analysis included 2,079,867 AIS points to derive 74,638 cell transits by 502 ships (\>295\&\#xa0;t). Sanctuary mean ship speed, by cell transit, was 13.5\&\#xa0;knots (SD4.3, range 0.1{\textendash}42.2). The choice of speed restriction had a major impact on SPLETH: 16\&\#xa0;knots\&\#xa0;=\&\#xa0;-3.7\%, 14\&\#xa0;knots\&\#xa0;=\&\#xa0;-11\%, 12\&\#xa0;knots\&\#xa0;=\&\#xa0;-29.4\%, 10\&\#xa0;knots\&\#xa0;=\&\#xa0;-56.7\%. The conservation benefit of speed restrictions is influenced by the status quo speed of ships from which risk must be reduced. As most areas lack such data our results can provide managers with a better understanding of how speed restrictions might reduce risk in their waters.},
  timestamp = {2015-07-23 00:19:51},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2012-02-10},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  author = {Wiley, David N. and Thompson, Michael and Pace {III}, Richard M. and Levenson, Jake},
  month = sep,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Endangered whale,Lethal risk reduction,Marine reserve,Ship strike,Speed restriction,Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary},
  pages = {2377--2381},
  file = {Wiley et al. - 2011 - Modeling speed restrictions to mitigate lethal col.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/BI3KFRXQ/Wiley et al. - 2011 - Modeling speed restrictions to mitigate lethal col.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/S6NIIG7B/Wiley et al. - 2011 - Modeling speed restrictions to mitigate lethal col.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vanderlaan_efficacy_2009,
  title = {Efficacy of a voluntary area to be avoided to reduce risk of lethal vessel strikes to endangered whales},
  volume = {23},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 03:47:19},
  number = {6},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Vanderlaan, A. S.M and Taggart, C. T},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {1467--1474}
}

@article{olsen_traffic_2012,
  chapter = {Science},
  title = {Traffic in Sri Lanka's Waters Threatens Blue Whales},
  issn = {0362-4331},
  url = {http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/science/traffic-in-sri-lankas-waters-threatens-blue-whales.html},
  timestamp = {2012-07-09 21:22:29},
  urldate = {2012-07-09},
  journal = {The New York Times},
  author = {Olsen, Erik},
  month = jul,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {Boats and Boating,Endangered and Extinct Species,Ships and Shipping,Sri Lanka,Whales and Whaling}
}

@article{fonnesbeck_bayesian_2008,
  title = {Bayesian hierarchichal model for evaluating the risk of vessel strikes on North Atlantic right whales in the {SE} United States},
  abstract = {A primary factor threatening the recovery of the North Atlantic right whale is the ongoing risk of collision with large ocean-going vessels. Hence, any viable conservation strategy must include mitigation of this risk. In particular, the critical wintering habitat off the Atlantic shores of the southeastern United States overlaps with the shipping routes of some of the region's busiest ports. As a first step in the process of ship strike risk mitigation for this region, we estimated the risk associated with current patterns of shipping traffic, and compared this with estimates of risk for a set of hypothetical alternative routes. As a measure of risk, we selected the co-occurrence of whales and vessels within cells of a 4 km grid. We performed parametric estimation of whale encounter rate and associated risk within a Bayesian hierarchical model, using data from aerial surveys and the Mandatory Ship Reporting System of the SE United States, along with a selection of environmental covariates. Importantly, we were able to account for annual and monthly variation in encounters in our estimates. All alternative routes provided reduced overall risk, ranging from a 27 to 44\% reduction, relative to the estimated risk of observed traffic. The largest marginal gains in risk reduction were attained by restricting traffic associated with the busiest port, Jacksonville, Florida, but restrictions on all ports achieved the highest reduction. We emphasize the importance of accounting for temporal as well as spatial variation in whale encounter rates, given the migratory behavior of the species.},
  timestamp = {2010-12-04 18:57:07},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  author = {Fonnesbeck, C. J. and Garrison, L. P. and Ward-Geiger, L. I. and Baumstark, R. D.},
  year = {2008},
  keywords = {Bayesian model,Eubalaena glacialis,Hierarchical model,Right whale,Risk analysis},
  file = {Fonnesbeck2008.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/6QUQM8WP/Fonnesbeck2008.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@phdthesis{vanderlaan_estimating_2011,
  title = {Estimating risk to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) from ocean-going vessels and fishing gear},
  timestamp = {2011-05-19 18:24:31},
  school = {{DALHOUSIE} {UNIVERSITY}},
  author = {Vanderlaan, A. S.M},
  year = {2011}
}

@article{silber_assessment_2012,
  title = {An Assessment of the Final Rule to Implement Vessel Speed Restrictions to Reduce the Threat of Vessel Collisions with North Atlantic Right Whales},
  timestamp = {2012-05-10 13:51:19},
  author = {Silber, G. K and Bettridge, S.},
  year = {2012},
  file = {[PDF] from noaa.gov:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/6U2AD3HG/Silber and Bettridge - 2012 - An Assessment of the Final Rule to Implement Vesse.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{halpern_global_2008,
  title = {A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems},
  volume = {319},
  url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5865/948},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1149345},
  abstract = {The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41\%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.},
  timestamp = {2008-03-30 21:37:40},
  number = {5865},
  urldate = {2008-03-30},
  journal = {Science},
  author = {Halpern, Benjamin S. and Walbridge, Shaun and Selkoe, Kimberly A. and Kappel, Carrie V. and Micheli, Fiorenza and D'Agrosa, Caterina and Bruno, John F. and Casey, Kenneth S. and Ebert, Colin and Fox, Helen E. and Fujita, Rod and Heinemann, Dennis and Lenihan, Hunter S. and Madin, Elizabeth M. P. and Perry, Matthew T. and Selig, Elizabeth R. and Spalding, Mark and Steneck, Robert and Watson, Reg},
  month = feb,
  year = {2008},
  pages = {948--952},
  file = {fig1_human_impact.png:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CEZQSEJN/fig1_human_impact.png:image/png;Halpern2008_suppl.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/G4J6NJFS/Halpern2008_Supplement.pdf:application/pdf;sfig1_map_process.png:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4QN2HWFV/sfig1_map_process.png:image/png;sfig3_ecosys_maps.png:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SMPT2TRE/sfig3_ecosys_maps.png:image/png}
}

@article{chetkiewicz_corridors_2006,
  title = {Corridors for Conservation: Integrating Pattern and Process},
  timestamp = {2008-11-12 13:42:57},
  author = {Chetkiewicz, C. L. B. and Clair, C. C. S. and Boyce, M. S.},
  year = {2006}
}

@article{treml_modeling_2008,
  title = {Modeling population connectivity by ocean currents, a graph-theoretic approach for marine conservation},
  volume = {23},
  timestamp = {2014-08-09 03:43:29},
  journal = {Landscape Ecology},
  author = {Treml, E. A. and Halpin, P. N. and Urban, D. L. and Pratson, L. F.},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {19--36},
  file = {[HTML] from springer.com:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/UWF7KDRT/fulltext.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DD4DIBU9/s10980-007-9138-y.html:text/html}
}

@article{ward-geiger_characterization_2005,
  title = {Characterization of ship traffic in right whale critical habitat},
  volume = {33},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 21:22:16},
  number = {3},
  journal = {Coastal Management},
  author = {Ward-Geiger, L. I and Silber, G. K and Baumstark, R. D and Pulfer, T. L},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {263--278},
  file = {Google Scholar Linked Page:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Z7W9EMR7/Ward-Geiger et al - 2005 - Characterization of ship traffic in right whale cr.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{best_updated_2015,
  title = {Updated marine mammal distribution and abundance estimates in coastal British Columbia},
  abstract = {Information relating to the distribution and abundance of species is critical for effective conservation and management. For many species, including cetacean species of conservation concern, abundance estimates are lacking, out of date and/or highly uncertain. Systematic, line-transect marine mammal surveys were conducted in British Columbia's (BC) coastal waters over multiple years and seasons (summer 2004, 2005, 2008, and spring/autumn 2007). In total, 10,057km of transects were surveyed in an 83,547km2 study area. Abundance estimates were calculated using two different methods: Conventional Distance Sampling (CDS) and Density Surface Modelling (DSM). CDS generates a single density estimate for each stratum, whereas DSM explicitly models spatial variation and offers potential for greater precision by incorporating environmental predictors. Although DSM yields a more relevant product for the purposes of marine spatial planning, CDS has proven to be useful in cases where there are fewer observations available for seasonal and inter-annual comparison, particularly for the scarcely observed elephant seal. The summer abundance estimates (with lower and upper 95\% confidence intervals; all DSM method unless otherwise stated), assuming certain trackline detection (underestimates true population size) were: harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 8,091 (4,885-13,401); Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) 5,303 (4,638-6,064); Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) 22,160 (16,522-29,721); humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) 1,092 (993-1,200); fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 329 (274-395); killer whale (all ecotypes; Orcinus orca), 371 (222-621); common minke whale (B. acutorostrata) 522 (295-927); harbour seal (total in water and on the shoreline; Phoca vitulina) 24,916 (19,666-31,569); Steller sea lion (total; Eumetopias jubatus) 4,037 (1,100-14,815); and northern elephant seal (CDS method; Mirounga angustirostris) 65 (35-121). Abundance estimates are provided on a stratum-specific basis with additional estimates provided for Steller sea lions and harbour seals that were `hauled out' and `in water'. This analysis updates previous estimates (Williams and Thomas, 2007) by including additional years of effort, providing greater spatial precision with the DSM method over CDS, novel reporting for spring and autumn seasons (rather than summer alone), and providing new abundance estimates for Steller sea lion and northern elephant seal. In addition to providing a baseline of marine mammal abundance and distribution, against which future changes can be compared, this information offers the opportunity to assess the risks posed to marine mammals by existing and emerging threats, such as fisheries bycatch, ship strikes, and increased oil spill and ocean noise issues associated with increases of container ship and oil tanker traffic in British Columbia's continental shelf waters.},
  timestamp = {2015-04-27 19:27:02},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  author = {Best, Benjamin D. and Fox, Caroline H. and Williams, Rob and Halpin, Patrick N. and {PAQUET}, Paul C.},
  year = {2015}
}

@article{geijer_network_2015,
  title = {A network approach to migratory whale conservation: Are {MPAs} the way forward or do all roads lead to the {IMO}?},
  volume = {51},
  issn = {0308-597X},
  shorttitle = {A network approach to migratory whale conservation},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X14001663},
  doi = {10.1016/j.marpol.2014.06.002},
  abstract = {The objective of this paper was to analyse the challenges and prospects of regional MPA networks as an effective tool for the protection of wide-ranging cetaceans, focusing on the potential of the Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) network initiative to contribute to the conservation of the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). One of the main threats to this vulnerable population is mortalities through ship strikes. It is argued that a SPAMI network does not have the potential to effectively reduce the threat of ship strikes on a firm legal, scientific and political basis, particularly given uncertainty over fin whale seasonal movements. Instead, an alternative sectoral approach to landscape-scale protection is discussed. Building on examples from North America, it is proposed that a wider spatial scale threat-based approach should be adopted, and that a regional network of restrictions of shipping activities through the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) will more effectively reduce the risk of ship{\textendash}whale strikes. This is also more consistent with the ecosystem approach, since the emphasis is on ecological scales that cross administrative boundaries, even though it is within a single sector. It is concluded that mechanisms exist to address the challenges of implementing such an approach, and that sectoral measures through the IMO represent an important way forward for improving the conservation prospects for Mediterranean fin whales.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-13 19:53:26},
  urldate = {2014-08-13},
  journal = {Marine Policy},
  author = {Geijer, Christina K. A. and Jones, Peter J. S.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Fin whales,IMO,Sectoral regulations,SPAMI network,Wide-ranging},
  pages = {1--12},
  file = {Geijer and Jones - 2015 - A network approach to migratory whale conservation.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3PSA624M/Geijer and Jones - 2015 - A network approach to migratory whale conservation.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WSU46FNI/S0308597X14001663.html:text/html}
}

@article{urban_landscape_2001,
  title = {Landscape connectivity: a graph-theoretic perspective},
  volume = {82},
  issn = {0012-9658},
  shorttitle = {Landscape connectivity},
  url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1205:LCAGTP]2.0.CO;2},
  doi = {10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1205:LCAGTP]2.0.CO;2},
  abstract = {Ecologists are familiar with two data structures commonly used to represent landscapes. Vector-based maps delineate land cover types as polygons, while raster lattices represent the landscape as a grid. Here we adopt a third lattice data structure, the graph. A graph represents a landscape as a set of nodes (e.g., habitat patches) connected to some degree by edges that join pairs of nodes functionally (e.g., via dispersal). Graph theory is well developed in other fields, including geography (transportation networks, routing applications, siting problems) and computer science (circuitry and network optimization). We present an overview of basic elements of graph theory as it might be applied to issues of connectivity in heterogeneous landscapes, focusing especially on applications of metapopulation theory in conservation biology. We develop a general set of analyses using a hypothetical landscape mosaic of habitat patches in a nonhabitat matrix. Our results suggest that a simple graph construct, the minimum spanning tree, can serve as a powerful guide to decisions about the relative importance of individual patches to overall landscape connectivity. We then apply this approach to an actual conservation scenario involving the threatened Mexican Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis lucida). Simulations with an incidence-function metapopulation model suggest that population persistence can be maintained despite substantial losses of habitat area, so long as the minimum spanning tree is protected. We believe that graph theory has considerable promise for applications concerned with connectivity and ecological flows in general. Because the theory is already well developed in other disciplines, it might be brought to bear immediately on pressing ecological applications in conservation biology and landscape ecology.},
  timestamp = {2014-12-17 20:18:25},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2014-12-17},
  journal = {Ecology},
  author = {Urban, Dean and Keitt, Timothy},
  month = may,
  year = {2001},
  keywords = {Connectivity,conservation biology,Dispersal,Graph theory,Habitat fragmentation,habitat patches and landscape connectivity,habitat pattern,Landscape ecology,metapopulation theory,minimum spanning tree,Strix occidentalis lucidus.},
  pages = {1205--1218},
  file = {ESA PDF fulltext:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/KWSMTBWX/Urban and Keitt - 2001 - LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY A GRAPH-THEORETIC PERSPECT.pdf:application/pdf;ESA Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PMRUCUGA/0012-9658(2001)082[1205LCAGTP]2.0.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/FWUHUNR7/cookieAbsent.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/629ZT7KC/0012-9658(2001)082[1205LCAGTP]2.0.html:text/html;Urban and Keitt - 2001 - Landscape connectivity a graph-theoretic perspect.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/MPHBVF9K/Urban and Keitt - 2001 - Landscape connectivity a graph-theoretic perspect.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{samoteskul_changing_2014,
  title = {Changing vessel routes could significantly reduce the cost of future offshore wind projects},
  volume = {141},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479714001777},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:54:02},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  journal = {Journal of environmental management},
  author = {Samoteskul, Kateryna and Firestone, Jeremy and Corbett, James and Callahan, John},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {146--154},
  file = {Samoteskul et al - 2014 - Changing vessel routes could significantly reduce the cost of future offshore.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/335TWBBM/Samoteskul et al - 2014 - Changing vessel routes could significantly reduce the cost of future offshore.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3IQGGFTG/S0301479714001777.html:text/html}
}

@phdthesis{samoteskul_analyzing_2013,
  title = {Analyzing costs and benefits of rerouting vessel traffic to open areas for offshore wind development in the mid-Atlantic United States},
  url = {http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/13024},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:54:02},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  school = {University of Delaware},
  author = {Samoteskul, Kateryna},
  year = {2013},
  file = {Samoteskul - 2013 - Analyzing costs and benefits of rerouting vessel traffic to open areas for.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5IHNGGPX/Samoteskul - 2013 - Analyzing costs and benefits of rerouting vessel traffic to open areas for.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/CVIQ4JXJ/13024.html:text/html}
}

@article{vanderlaan_vessel_2007,
  title = {Vessel collisions with whales: the probability of lethal injury based on vessel speed},
  volume = {23},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 21:31:10},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Marine mammal science},
  author = {Vanderlaan, Angelia {SM} and Taggart, Christopher T},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {144--156},
  file = {Vanderlaan_Taggart - 2007 - Vessel collisions with whales.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/R4EU3575/Vanderlaan_Taggart - 2007 - Vessel collisions with whales.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vanderlaan_probability_2009,
  title = {Probability and mitigation of vessel encounters with North Atlantic right whales},
  volume = {6},
  issn = {1863-5407, 1613-4796},
  url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v6/n3/p273-285/},
  doi = {10.3354/esr00176},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 21:20:55},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  author = {Vanderlaan, Asm and Corbett, Jj and Green, Sl and Callahan, Ja and Wang, C and Kenney, Rd and Taggart, Ct and Firestone, J},
  month = jan,
  year = {2009},
  pages = {273--285},
  file = {Google Scholar Linked Page:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SG8TGTEI/Vanderlaan et al. - 2009 - Probability and mitigation of vessel encounters wi.pdf:application/pdf;Vanderlaan et al. - 2009 - Probability and mitigation of vessel encounters wi.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/AD85FKRZ/Vanderlaan et al. - 2009 - Probability and mitigation of vessel encounters wi.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{guzman_potential_2013,
  title = {Potential vessel collisions with Southern Hemisphere humpback whales wintering off Pacific Panama},
  volume = {29},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2012 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy},
  issn = {1748-7692},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00605.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00605.x},
  abstract = {Vessel collision is a threat to many whale species, and the risk has increased with expanding maritime traffic. This compromises international conservation efforts and requires urgent attention from the world's maritime industry. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are at the top of the death toll, and although Central America is a wintering area for populations from both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, existing efforts to reduce ship-whale collisions are meager. Herein, we evaluated the potential collisions between vessels and humpback whales wintering off Pacific Panama by following the movements of 15 whales tagged with satellite transmitters and comparing these data with tracks plotted using AIS real-time latitude-longitude points from nearly 1,000 commercial vessels. Movements of whales (adults and calves) in the Gulf of Panama coincide with major commercial maritime routes. AIS vessel data analyzed for individual whale satellite tracks showed that 53\% (8 whales) of whales had 98 encounters within 200 m with 81 different vessels in just 11 d. We suggest implementing a 65 nmi Traffic Separation Scheme and a 10 kn maximum speed for vessel routing into the Gulf of Panama during the wintering season. In so doing, the area for potential whale-vessel collisions could be reduced by 93\%.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-15 23:36:42},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-06-15},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  author = {Guzman, Hector M. and Gomez, Catalina G. and Guevara, Carlos A. and Kleivane, Lars},
  month = oct,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Gulf of Panama,Humpback whale,Megaptera novaeangliae,nursery area,satellite telemetry,traffic separation scheme,vessel collision},
  pages = {629--642},
  file = {Guzman et al - 2013 - Potential vessel collisions with Southern Hemisphere humpback whales wintering.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3QI3C5JH/Guzman et al - 2013 - Potential vessel collisions with Southern Hemisphere humpback whales wintering.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7H26ITDT/abstract\;jsessionid=1BE7619882F794F54F6231E2B53E4BFD.html:text/html}
}

@article{guzman_population_2015,
  title = {Population size and migratory connectivity of humpback whales wintering in Las Perlas Archipelago, Panama},
  volume = {31},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 Society for Marine Mammalogy},
  issn = {1748-7692},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/mms.12136/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/mms.12136},
  abstract = {From 2003 to 2009, we surveyed Las Perlas Archipelago off the Pacific coast of Panama 53 times between the months of August and October to estimate abundance of humpback whales and to test for a migratory connection with populations from the southern hemisphere. We identified 295 individuals using photo-identification of dorsal fins, including 58 calves, and the population estimate for a single season was 100{\textendash}300 solitary adults plus 25{\textendash}50 mothers with calves; the estimated population of animals across all seasons using a mark and recapture model was over 1,000. Eight of the 139 fluke identifications were matched to whales in photograph catalogues from the Antarctic Peninsula and a ninth was matched to a whale sighted in Chilean waters; four of these nine individuals have also been sighted in Colombia. We conclude that Panama (Las Perlas Archipelago in particular) is an important calving area for humpback whales in the Southern Hemisphere. These data should provide a foundation for monitoring of population change and to increase awareness in Panama about the need to manage vessel traffic and tourism related to the whales at Las Perlas.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-15 23:39:39},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-15},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  author = {Guzman, Hector M. and Condit, Richard and P{\'e}rez-Ortega, Betzi and Capella, Juan J. and Stevick, Peter T.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Antarctic Peninsula,Humpback whale,Las Perlas Archipelago,Megaptera novaeangliae,nursery area,Panama,population size,Satellite tracking,southeastern Pacific stock},
  pages = {90--105},
  file = {Guzman et al - 2015 - Population size and migratory connectivity of humpback whales wintering in Las.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ZDJ4GUTM/Guzman et al - 2015 - Population size and migratory connectivity of humpback whales wintering in Las.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/QTQGV7XK/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@techreport{enviroemergconsultingservices_major_2008,
  address = {Cowichan Bay, {BC} Canada},
  title = {Major Marine Vessel Casualty Risk and Response Preparedness in British Columbia},
  timestamp = {2009-10-21 18:19:21},
  author = {{EnviroEmerg Consulting Services}},
  year = {2008}
}

@article{russell_recommended_2001,
  title = {Recommended measures to reduce ship strikes of North Atlantic right whales},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 21:35:57},
  journal = {National Marine Fisheries Service},
  author = {Russell, B. A and Knowlton, A. R. and Zoodsma, B.},
  year = {2001}
}

@article{clarke_identification_2006,
  title = {Identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area: Phase I{\textendash}Identification of important areas},
  volume = {2678},
  shorttitle = {Identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area},
  url = {http://smtp.pncima.org/media/documents/pdf/phase-2-id.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 21:41:31},
  urldate = {2015-06-22},
  journal = {Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  author = {Clarke, C. L. and Jamieson, G. S.},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {59},
  file = {Clarke_Jamieson - 2006 - Identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas in the.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9G7KMGFP/Clarke_Jamieson - 2006 - Identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas in the.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vanderhoop_vessel_2015,
  title = {Vessel Strikes to Large Whales Before and After the 2008 Ship Strike Rule: Ship Strike Rule effectiveness},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {1755263X},
  shorttitle = {Vessel Strikes to Large Whales Before and After the 2008 Ship Strike Rule},
  url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/conl.12105},
  doi = {10.1111/conl.12105},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 22:37:20},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  journal = {Conservation Letters},
  author = {van der Hoop, Julie M. and Vanderlaan, Angelia S. M. and Cole, Timothy V. N. and Henry, Allison G. and Hall, Lanni and Mase-Guthrie, Blair and Wimmer, Tonya and Moore, Michael J.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {24--32},
  file = {van der Hoop et al. - 2015 - Vessel Strikes to Large Whales Before and After th.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/B8DSNA9T/van der Hoop et al. - 2015 - Vessel Strikes to Large Whales Before and After th.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{vanderhoop_absolute_2012,
  title = {Absolute probability estimates of lethal vessel strikes to North Atlantic right whales in Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf},
  volume = {22},
  issn = {1051-0761},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/11-1841.1},
  doi = {10.1890/11-1841.1},
  abstract = {Vessel strikes are the primary source of known mortality for the endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Multi-institutional efforts to reduce mortality associated with vessel strikes include vessel-routing amendments such as the International Maritime Organization voluntary ?area to be avoided? (ATBA) in the Roseway Basin right whale feeding habitat on the southwestern Scotian Shelf. Though relative probabilities of lethal vessel strikes have been estimated and published, absolute probabilities remain unknown. We used a modeling approach to determine the regional effect of the ATBA, by estimating reductions in the expected number of lethal vessel strikes. This analysis differs from others in that it explicitly includes a spatiotemporal analysis of real-time transits of vessels through a population of simulated, swimming right whales. Combining automatic identification system (AIS) vessel navigation data and an observationally based whale movement model allowed us to determine the spatial and temporal intersection of vessels and whales, from which various probability estimates of lethal vessel strikes are derived. We estimate one lethal vessel strike every 0.775?2.07 years prior to ATBA implementation, consistent with and more constrained than previous estimates of every 2?16 years. Following implementation, a lethal vessel strike is expected every 41 years. When whale abundance is held constant across years, we estimate that voluntary vessel compliance with the ATBA results in an 82\% reduction in the per capita rate of lethal strikes; very similar to a previously published estimate of 82\% reduction in the relative risk of a lethal vessel strike. The models we developed can inform decision-making and policy design, based on their ability to provide absolute, population-corrected, time-varying estimates of lethal vessel strikes, and they are easily transported to other regions and situations.},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 22:42:34},
  number = {7},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  author = {van der Hoop, Julie M. and Vanderlaan, Angelia S. M. and Taggart, Christopher T.},
  month = may,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {2021--2033},
  file = {van der Hoop et al. - 2012 - Absolute probability estimates of lethal vessel st.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/NEXTJZUA/van der Hoop et al. - 2012 - Absolute probability estimates of lethal vessel st.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{_what_,
  title = {What Air Traffic Can Teach Us About Kidney Transplants : Planet Money : {NPR}},
  url = {http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2012/05/30/153991529/what-air-traffic-can-teach-us-about-kidney-transplants},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:33:18},
  urldate = {2012-05-30}
}

@misc{_research_,
  title = {Research / Projects - Nikolaos Trichakis},
  url = {http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=res\&facId=602177},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:33:24},
  urldate = {2012-05-30}
}

@phdthesis{bertsimas_fairness_2011,
  title = {Fairness in operations: from theory to practice},
  shorttitle = {Fairness in operations},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:34:22},
  school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
  author = {Bertsimas, D. J and Farias, V. F and Trichakis, N. K and {others}},
  year = {2011},
  file = {[PDF] from mit.edu:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/389GFRZF/Bertsimas et al. - 2011 - Fairness in operations from theory to practice.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bertsimas_trading_,
  title = {Trading off Efficiency and Fairness},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:34:22},
  author = {Bertsimas, D. and Farias, V. F and Trichakis, N.}
}

@article{bertsimas_fairness_2011a,
  title = {Fairness, Efficiency and Flexibility in Organ Allocation for Kidney Transplantation},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:34:22},
  author = {Bertsimas, D. and Farias, V. F and Trichakis, N.},
  year = {2011}
}

@article{bertsimas_characterization_2010,
  title = {A Characterization of the Efficiency-Fairness Tradeoff},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:34:22},
  author = {Bertsimas, D. and Farias, V. F and Trichakis, N.},
  year = {2010}
}

@article{bertsimas_price_2011,
  title = {The price of fairness},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:34:22},
  author = {Bertsimas, D. and Farias, V. F and Trichakis, N.},
  year = {2011}
}

@article{barnhart_equitable_2009,
  title = {Equitable and efficient coordination in traffic flow management},
  timestamp = {2012-05-30 20:34:22},
  journal = {Submitted for publication},
  author = {Barnhart, C. and Bertsimas, D. and Caramanis, C. and Fearing, D.},
  year = {2009},
  file = {[PDF] from mit.edu:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PTHTSTZR/Barnhart et al. - 2009 - Equitable and efficient coordination in traffic fl.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{_home_,
  title = {Home | World Shipping Council},
  url = {http://www.worldshipping.org/},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 23:36:51},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  file = {Home | World Shipping Council:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/VS8WXZH2/www.worldshipping.org.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_imo_,
  title = {{IMO} | International Maritime Organization},
  url = {http://www.imo.org/Pages/home.aspx},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 23:37:12},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  file = {IMO | International Maritime Organization:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2KVN2TNA/home.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_united_,
  title = {United Nations World Ocean Assessment},
  url = {http://www.worldoceanassessment.org/?page_id=8},
  timestamp = {2015-06-02 23:37:19},
  urldate = {2015-06-02},
  file = {United Nations World Ocean Assessment:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IH3C2QG2/www.worldoceanassessment.org.html:text/html}
}

@article{maxwell_cumulative_2013,
  title = {Cumulative human impacts on marine predators},
  volume = {4},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2013 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  url = {http://www.nature.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/ncomms/2013/131028/ncomms3688/full/ncomms3688.html},
  doi = {10.1038/ncomms3688},
  abstract = {Stressors associated with human activities interact in complex ways to affect marine ecosystems, yet we lack spatially explicit assessments of cumulative impacts on ecologically and economically key components such as marine predators. Here we develop a metric of cumulative utilization and impact (CUI) on marine predators by combining electronic tracking data of eight protected predator species (n=685 individuals) in the California Current Ecosystem with data on 24 anthropogenic stressors. We show significant variation in CUI with some of the highest impacts within US National Marine Sanctuaries. High variation in underlying species and cumulative impact distributions means that neither alone is sufficient for effective spatial management. Instead, comprehensive management approaches accounting for both cumulative human impacts and trade-offs among multiple stressors must be applied in planning the use of marine resources.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-07-09 23:06:02},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  author = {Maxwell, Sara M. and Hazen, Elliott L. and Bograd, Steven J. and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Breed, Greg A. and Nickel, Barry and Teutschel, Nicole M. and Crowder, Larry B. and Benson, Scott and Dutton, Peter H. and Bailey, Helen and Kappes, Michelle A. and Kuhn, Carey E. and Weise, Michael J. and Mate, Bruce and Shaffer, Scott A. and Hassrick, Jason L. and Henry, Robert W. and Irvine, Ladd and {McDonald}, Birgitte I. and Robinson, Patrick W. and Block, Barbara A. and Costa, Daniel P.},
  month = oct,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Biological sciences,Ecology,Zoology},
  file = {Maxwell et al. - 2013 - Cumulative human impacts on marine predators.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IUHVNUAK/Maxwell et al. - 2013 - Cumulative human impacts on marine predators.pdf:application/pdf;ncomms3688-s1 (1).pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IPNN4CIK/ncomms3688-s1 (1).pdf:application/pdf}
}

@misc{_aerosolve_,
  title = {Aerosolve: Machine learning for humans - Airbnb Engineering},
  url = {http://nerds.airbnb.com/aerosolve},
  timestamp = {2015-06-06 01:43:37},
  urldate = {2015-06-06},
  file = {Aerosolve\: Machine learning for humans - Airbnb Engineering:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/WVEKNXXA/aerosolve.html:text/html}
}

@phdthesis{fitch_appraisal_2013,
  title = {An Appraisal of the {US} Navy Marine Mammals and Sound Research and Monitoring Programs},
  url = {http://digilib.gmu.edu/jspui/handle/1920/8783},
  timestamp = {2015-07-23 00:31:29},
  urldate = {2015-07-23},
  school = {George Mason University},
  author = {Fitch, Robin},
  year = {2013},
  file = {Fitch - 2013 - An Appraisal of the US Navy Marine Mammals and Sound Research and Monitoring.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PPK5Q5KA/Fitch - 2013 - An Appraisal of the US Navy Marine Mammals and Sound Research and Monitoring.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/G9ZVV5V3/8783.html:text/html}
}

@article{cook_population_2014,
  title = {Population Connectivity Shifts at High Frequency within an Open-Coast Marine Protected Area Network},
  volume = {9},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103654},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0103654},
  abstract = {A complete understanding of population connectivity via larval dispersal is of great value to the effective design and management of marine protected areas (MPA). However empirical estimates of larval dispersal distance, self-recruitment, and within season variability of population connectivity patterns and their influence on metapopulation structure remain rare. We used high-resolution otolith microchemistry data from the temperate reef fish Hypsypops rubicundus to explore biweekly, seasonal, and annual connectivity patterns in an open-coast MPA network. The three MPAs, spanning 46 km along the southern California coastline were connected by larval dispersal, but the magnitude and direction of connections reversed between 2008 and 2009. Self-recruitment, i.e. spawning, dispersal, and settlement to the same location, was observed at two locations, one of which is a MPA. Self-recruitment to this MPA ranged from 50{\textendash}84\%; within the entire 60 km study region, self-recruitment accounted for 45\% of all individuals settling to study reefs. On biweekly time scales we observed directional variability in alongshore current data and larval dispersal trajectories; if viewed in isolation these data suggest the system behaves as a source-sink metapopulation. However aggregate biweekly data over two years reveal a reef network in which H. rubicundus behaves more like a well-mixed metapopulation. As one of the few empirical studies of population connectivity within a temperate open coast reef network, this work can inform the MPA design process, implementation of ecosystem based management plans, and facilitate conservation decisions.},
  timestamp = {2014-08-13 19:54:19},
  number = {7},
  urldate = {2014-08-13},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Cook, Geoffrey S. and Parnell, P. Ed and Levin, Lisa A.},
  month = jul,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {e103654},
  file = {Cook et al. - 2014 - Population Connectivity Shifts at High Frequency w.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SMEHDEX4/Cook et al. - 2014 - Population Connectivity Shifts at High Frequency w.pdf:application/pdf;PLoS Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/58HTH69P/infodoi10.1371journal.pone.html:text/html}
}

@article{williams_potential_2008,
  title = {Potential limits to anthropogenic mortality of small cetaceans in coastal waters of British Columbia},
  volume = {65},
  issn = {0706652X},
  url = {http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE\%7CA191215097\&v=2.1\&u=duke_perkins\&it=r\&p=AONE\&sw=w\&asid=b9ce3b926db39af9808ae2de04c101ec},
  language = {English},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21 20:52:57},
  number = {9},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  author = {Williams, Rob},
  month = sep,
  year = {2008},
  note = {1867},
  keywords = {Fishery conservation,Gillnetting,Whales},
  pages = {1867+},
  file = {Hall et al - 2008 - Potential limits to anthropogenic mortality of small cetaceans in coastal.PDF:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4I8JMM5A/Hall et al - 2008 - Potential limits to anthropogenic mortality of small cetaceans in coastal.PDF:application/pdf}
}

@article{couvat_evaluation_2013,
  title = {Evaluation of the technical solutions and management measures implemented at the international level to reduce the risks of collisions between ships and large cetaceans},
  url = {http://souffleursdecume.com/docs/SE_2013_eval_solu_collisions_en.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21 21:48:26},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  journal = {Souffleurs d'Ecume},
  author = {Couvat, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Gambaiani, Delphine},
  year = {2013},
  file = {Couvat_Gambaiani - 2013 - Evaluation of the technical solutions and management measures implemented at.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/ZBRC6K73/Couvat_Gambaiani - 2013 - Evaluation of the technical solutions and management measures implemented at.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@phdthesis{betz_reducing_2011a,
  title = {{REDUCING} {THE} {RISK} {OF} {VESSEL} {STRIKES} {TO} {ENDANGERED} {WHALES} {IN} {THE} {SANTA} {BARBARA} {CHANNEL}},
  url = {http://www.bren.ucsb.edu/research/documents/whales_report.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21 21:49:12},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  school = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
  author = {{BETZ}, {SARAH}},
  year = {2011},
  file = {BETZ - 2011 - REDUCING THE RISK OF VESSEL STRIKES TO ENDANGERED WHALES IN THE SANTA BARBARA.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/64CAKRS3/BETZ - 2011 - REDUCING THE RISK OF VESSEL STRIKES TO ENDANGERED WHALES IN THE SANTA BARBARA.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{williams_mapping_2011,
  title = {Mapping Large-scale Spatial Patterns in Cetacean Density},
  url = {http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kristin_Kaschner/publication/257157829_Mapping_large-scale_spatial_patterns_in_cetacean_density_Preliminary_work_to_inform_systematic_conservation_planning_and_MPA_network_design_in_the_northeastern_Pacific/links/0c96052496577719ea000000.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21 21:49:46},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  author = {Williams, Rob and Kaschner, Kristin and Hoyt, Erich and Reeves, Randall and Ashe, Erin},
  year = {2011},
  file = {Williams et al - 2011 - Mapping Large-scale Spatial Patterns in Cetacean Density.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/AV782T3J/Williams et al - 2011 - Mapping Large-scale Spatial Patterns in Cetacean Density.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{bocking_review_2011,
  title = {Review of the Enbridge Northern Gateway Project Submission to the Joint Review Panel},
  url = {http://www.gitgaat-resources.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/D71-7-4_-_Gitga_at_First_Nation_-_Gitga_at_ENGP_Environment_Impact_Report_FINAL_-_A2K4X0.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21 21:50:08},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  author = {Bocking, R. and Demarchi, M. and Plate, E. and Holst, M. and Muir, J. and Council, Hartley Bay Band},
  year = {2011},
  file = {Bocking et al - 2011 - Review of the Enbridge Northern Gateway Project Submission to the Joint Review.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7U74SAZQ/Bocking et al - 2011 - Review of the Enbridge Northern Gateway Project Submission to the Joint Review.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{currie_modeling_,
  title = {Modeling whale-vessel encounters: the role of speed in mitigating collisions with humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)},
  shorttitle = {Modeling whale-vessel encounters},
  url = {http://www.pacificwhalefoundation.com.au/sites/pacificwhale.org/files/SC_66a_HIM_3.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-07-23 00:36:45},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  author = {Currie, J. J. and Stack, S. H. and Easterly, S. K. and Kaufman, G. D. and Martinez, E.},
  file = {Currie et al - Modeling whale-vessel encounters.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/4MBQ3B5F/Currie et al - Modeling whale-vessel encounters.pdf:application/pdf;Currie et al - Modeling whale-vessel encounters.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/A5A8C2JI/Currie et al - Modeling whale-vessel encounters.pdf:application/pdf;Currie et al - Modeling whale-vessel encounters.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/7FQJJRXE/Currie et al - Modeling whale-vessel encounters.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{wright_practical_2015,
  title = {Practical management of cumulative anthropogenic impacts with working marine examples},
  volume = {29},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 Society for Conservation Biology},
  issn = {1523-1739},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/cobi.12425/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/cobi.12425},
  abstract = {Human pressure on the environment is expanding and intensifying, especially in coastal and offshore areas. Major contributors to this are the current push for offshore renewable energy sources, which are thought of as environmentally friendly sources of power, as well as the continued demand for petroleum. Human disturbances, including the noise almost ubiquitously associated with human activity, are likely to increase the incidence, magnitude, and duration of adverse effects on marine life, including stress responses. Stress responses have the potential to induce fitness consequences for individuals, which add to more obvious directed takes (e.g., hunting or fishing) to increase the overall population-level impact. To meet the requirements of marine spatial planning and ecosystem-based management, many efforts are ongoing to quantify the cumulative impacts of all human actions on marine species or populations. Meanwhile, regulators face the challenge of managing these accumulating and interacting impacts with limited scientific guidance. We believe there is scientific support for capping the level of impact for (at a minimum) populations in decline or with unknown statuses. This cap on impact can be facilitated through implementation of regular application cycles for project authorization or improved programmatic and aggregated impact assessments that simultaneously consider multiple projects. Cross-company collaborations and a better incorporation of uncertainty into decision making could also help limit, if not reduce, cumulative impacts of multiple human activities. These simple management steps may also form the basis of a rudimentary form of marine spatial planning and could be used in support of future ecosystem-based management efforts.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21 21:51:07},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Wright, Andrew J. and Kyhn, Line A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {censo s{\'\i}smico,cumulative impact assessment,energ{\'\i}a renovable,evaluaci{\'o}n de impacto acumulativo,granja e{\'o}lica de litoral,Marine,marino,noise,offshore wind farm,renewable energy,ruido,seismic survey},
  pages = {333--340},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/XMGEEEX3/abstract.html:text/html;Wright_Kyhn - 2015 - Practical management of cumulative anthropogenic impacts with working marine.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SVEJWRDQ/Wright_Kyhn - 2015 - Practical management of cumulative anthropogenic impacts with working marine.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{dwyer_short_2014,
  title = {Short-term survival of severe propeller strike injuries and observations on wound progression in a bottlenose dolphin},
  volume = {48},
  url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00288330.2013.866578},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21 21:54:33},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research},
  author = {Dwyer, S. L. and Kozmian-Ledward, L. and Stockin, K. A.},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {294--302},
  file = {Dwyer et al - 2014 - Short-term survival of severe propeller strike injuries and observations on.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/I2HQ82C2/Dwyer et al - 2014 - Short-term survival of severe propeller strike injuries and observations on.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5VUFJSFJ/00288330.2013.html:text/html}
}

@article{redfern_marine_,
  title = {{MARINE} {MAMMALS}{\textendash}{INDICATORS} {AND} {STATUS}},
  url = {http://swfsc.noaa.gov/publications/CR/2013/2013Redfern2.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21 21:56:23},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  author = {Redfern, Jessica V. and Ballance, Lisa T. and Barlow, Jay P. and Chivers, Susan J. and Hanson, M. Bradley and Hazen, Elliot L. and Schroeder, Isaac D. and Laake, Jeff L. and Lowry, Mark S. and Melin, Sharon R. and {others}},
  file = {Redfern et al - MARINE MAMMALS–INDICATORS AND STATUS.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8WKGN5B3/Redfern et al - MARINE MAMMALS–INDICATORS AND STATUS.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@phdthesis{bissell_using_2013a,
  title = {Using volunteered geographic information to model blue whale foraging habitat, Southern California bight},
  url = {http://spatial.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/BissellMatt6900Manuscript.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21 21:56:37},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  school = {University of Southern California},
  author = {Bissell, Matthew W.},
  year = {2013},
  file = {Bissell - 2013 - Using volunteered geographic information to model blue whale foraging habitat,.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/JP4NRQUB/Bissell - 2013 - Using volunteered geographic information to model blue whale foraging habitat,.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{monnahan_ship_2015,
  title = {Do ship strikes threaten the recovery of endangered eastern North Pacific blue whales?},
  volume = {31},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2014 The Authors Marine Mammal Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for Marine Mammalogy, This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.},
  issn = {1748-7692},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/mms.12157/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/mms.12157},
  abstract = {Blue whales were targeted in the North Pacific from 1905{\textendash}1971 and are listed as endangered by the IUCN. Despite decades without whaling, abundance estimates for eastern North Pacific (ENP) blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) suggest little evidence for a recent increase. One possible reason is fatal strikes by large ships, which have affected populations of other cetaceans and resulted in mitigation. We used a population dynamics model to assess the trends and status of ENP blue whales, and the effects of ship strikes. We estimate the population likely never dropped below 460 individuals, and is at 97\% of carrying capacity (95\% interval 62\%{\textendash}99\%). These results suggest density dependence, not ship strikes, is the key reason for the observed lack of increase. We also estimate future strikes will likely have a minimal impact; for example, an 11-fold increase in vessels would lead to a 50\% chance the long-term population would be considered depleted. Although we estimate ship strike mitigation would have minimal impacts on population trends and status, current levels of ship strikes are likely above legal limits set by the U.S. The recovery of ENP blue whales from whaling demonstrates the ability of blue whale populations to rebuild under careful management.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21 01:28:42},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  author = {Monnahan, Cole C. and Branch, Trevor A. and Punt, Andr{\'e} E.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Balaenoptera musculus,blue whale,eastern North Pacific,recovery,Santa Barbara Channel,ship strikes,status},
  pages = {279--297},
  file = {mms12157-sup-0001-AppendixS1.doc:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/3CENQC8T/mms12157-sup-0001-AppendixS1.doc:application/msword;Monnahan et al - 2015 - Do ship strikes threaten the recovery of endangered eastern North Pacific blue.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/R3SM8NKZ/Monnahan et al - 2015 - Do ship strikes threaten the recovery of endangered eastern North Pacific blue.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/IB969QTW/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{williams_modelling_2010,
  title = {Modelling ship strike risk to fin, humpback and killer whales in British Columbia, Canada},
  volume = {11},
  url = {http://www.oceansinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/williamsohara2010_shipstrikerisk.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-07-23 20:30:58},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-07-23},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  author = {Williams, {RaPOH} and O'Hara, P.},
  year = {2010},
  pages = {1--8},
  file = {Williams_O'Hara - 2009 - Modelling ship strike risk to fin, humpback and killer whales in British.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/UF4ZHVXH/Williams_O'Hara - 2009 - Modelling ship strike risk to fin, humpback and killer whales in British.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{webb_activity_2015,
  title = {Activity Patterns and Speeds of Large Cruise Ships in Southeast Alaska},
  volume = {43},
  issn = {0892-0753},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2014.989148},
  doi = {10.1080/08920753.2014.989148},
  abstract = {We characterized activity patterns of large cruise ships in Southeast Alaska, where there is considerable overlap with aggregations of endangered humpback whales and where lethal ship{\textendash}whale collisions have been reported. Using Automatic Identification System (AIS) data from 451 voyages representing 26 cruise ships ( = 270 m), we summarized traffic intensity, speed, and timing (day vs. night) for the 2012 summer cruise season in Southeast Alaska. Traffic intensity was found to exceed 700 transits in some areas, which constituted up to 10 ships transiting these areas per day during peak season. Throughout most of the study area (68\% of 5 {\texttimes} 5 km cells) average ship speed was \ensuremath{>}16 knots, and often \ensuremath{>}18 knots. About half (47\%) of the time spent cruising occurred at night when detection and avoidance of whales by ships is likely low. Although whales in Southeast Alaska were subject to low levels of shipping traffic relative to other major shipping routes, cruise ships transited throughout the majority of our study area at speeds where the probability for lethality, should a collision occur, is high, potentially offsetting the relatively low traffic levels. Our results help identify areas of greatest relative risk to whales and locations where whale conservation measures may be most effective.},
  timestamp = {2015-07-23 20:29:14},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-07-23},
  journal = {Coastal Management},
  author = {Webb, Karin R. and Gende, Scott M.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {67--83},
  file = {Webb_Gende - 2015 - Activity Patterns and Speeds of Large Cruise Ships in Southeast Alaska.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/KTWZKF9W/Webb_Gende - 2015 - Activity Patterns and Speeds of Large Cruise Ships in Southeast Alaska.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/F2VWXJHV/08920753.2014.html:text/html}
}

@article{vanderhoop_assessment_2013,
  title = {Assessment of Management to Mitigate Anthropogenic Effects on Large Whales: Mitigation of Human-Whale Interactions},
  volume = {27},
  issn = {08888892},
  shorttitle = {Assessment of Management to Mitigate Anthropogenic Effects on Large Whales},
  url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01934.x},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01934.x},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 22:39:08},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Van Der Hoop, Julie M. and Moore, Michael J. and Barco, Susan G. and Cole, Timothy V.N. and Daoust, Pierre-Yves and Henry, Allison G. and Mcalpine, Donald F. and Mclellan, William A. and Wimmer, Tonya and Solow, Andrew R.},
  month = feb,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {121--133},
  file = {Van Der Hoop et al. - 2013 - Assessment of Management to Mitigate Anthropogenic.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/9ZDI2B6I/Van Der Hoop et al. - 2013 - Assessment of Management to Mitigate Anthropogenic.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{laist_effectiveness_2014,
  title = {Effectiveness of mandatory vessel speed limits for protecting North Atlantic right whales},
  volume = {23},
  url = {http://www.mmc.gov/reports/publications/pdf/2014_esz.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-07-23 00:26:04},
  urldate = {2015-07-23},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  author = {Laist, David W. and Knowlton, Amy R. and Pendleton, Daniel},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {133--147},
  file = {Laist et al - 2014 - Effectiveness of mandatory vessel speed limits for protecting North Atlantic.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/K55ICH4H/Laist et al - 2014 - Effectiveness of mandatory vessel speed limits for protecting North Atlantic.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mullen_developing_2013,
  title = {Developing an acoustic method for reducing North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) ship strike mortality along the United States eastern seaboard},
  url = {http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2060/},
  timestamp = {2015-07-23 00:29:25},
  urldate = {2015-07-23},
  author = {Mullen, Kaitlyn Allen},
  year = {2013},
  file = {Mullen - 2013 - Developing an acoustic method for reducing North Atlantic right whale.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SZF22HHV/Mullen - 2013 - Developing an acoustic method for reducing North Atlantic right whale.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/R73WUWC5/2060.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_whales_,
  title = {Whales return in force to Channel Islands; boaters beware},
  url = {http://www.vcstar.com/news/2012/may/25/whales-return-in-force-to-channel-islands-beware/},
  abstract = {The whales are back in force, so please, drive carefully. That message to boat and ship skippers comes from the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary in hopes of avoiding injury or death to a whale or severe damage to a boat or ship.},
  timestamp = {2012-05-29 18:34:31},
  urldate = {2012-05-29},
  journal = {Ventura County Star}
}

@article{redfern_assessing_2013,
  title = {Assessing the Risk of Ships Striking Large Whales in Marine Spatial Planning},
  volume = {27},
  copyright = {Conservation Biology {\textcopyright} 2013 Society for Conservation Biology No claim to original {US} government works},
  issn = {1523-1739},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12029/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/cobi.12029},
  abstract = {Marine spatial planning provides a comprehensive framework for managing multiple uses of the marine environment and has the potential to minimize environmental impacts and reduce conflicts among users. Spatially explicit assessments of the risks to key marine species from human activities are a requirement of marine spatial planning. We assessed the risk of ships striking humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), blue (Balaenoptera musculus), and fin (Balaenoptera physalus) whales in alternative shipping routes derived from patterns of shipping traffic off Southern California (U.S.A.). Specifically, we developed whale-habitat models and assumed ship-strike risk for the alternative shipping routes was proportional to the number of whales predicted by the models to occur within each route. This definition of risk assumes all ships travel within a single route. We also calculated risk assuming ships travel via multiple routes. We estimated the potential for conflict between shipping and other uses (military training and fishing) due to overlap with the routes. We also estimated the overlap between shipping routes and protected areas. The route with the lowest risk for humpback whales had the highest risk for fin whales and vice versa. Risk to both species may be ameliorated by creating a new route south of the northern Channel Islands and spreading traffic between this new route and the existing route in the Santa Barbara Channel. Creating a longer route may reduce the overlap between shipping and other uses by concentrating shipping traffic. Blue whales are distributed more evenly across our study area than humpback and fin whales; thus, risk could not be ameliorated by concentrating shipping traffic in any of the routes we considered. Reducing ship-strike risk for blue whales may be necessary because our estimate of the potential number of strikes suggests that they are likely to exceed allowable levels of anthropogenic impacts established under U.S. laws.Evaluaci{\'o}n del Riesgo de Colisiones de Barcos y Ballenas en la Planificaci{\'o}n Marina Espacial},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2014-08-08 23:48:23},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2013-05-02},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  author = {Redfern, J. V. and Mckenna, M. F. and Moore, T. J. and Calambokidis, J. and Deangelis, M. L. and Becker, E. A. and Barlow, J. and Forney, K. A. and Fiedler, P. C. and Chivers, S. J.},
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {An{\'a}lisis de riesgo,commercial shipping,Generalized additive models,Habitat modeling,modelado del h{\'a}bitat,modelos aditivos generalizados,navegaci{\'o}n comercial,Risk analysis},
  pages = {292--302},
  file = {Redfern et al. - 2013 - Assessing the Risk of Ships Striking Large Whales .pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/25IK4JNW/Redfern et al. - 2013 - Assessing the Risk of Ships Striking Large Whales .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/X7I92A2D/full.html:text/html;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/PJVDCQVZ/full.html:text/html}
}

@phdthesis{betz_reducing_2011,
  title = {{REDUCING} {THE} {RISK} {OF} {VESSEL} {STRIKES} {TO} {ENDANGERED} {WHALES} {IN} {THE} {SANTA} {BARBARA} {CHANNEL}},
  url = {http://www.bren.ucsb.edu/research/documents/whales_report.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-05-27 18:53:19},
  urldate = {2015-05-27},
  school = {University of California, Santa Barbara},
  author = {{BETZ}, {SARAH}},
  year = {2011},
  file = {BETZ - 2011 - REDUCING THE RISK OF VESSEL STRIKES TO ENDANGERED WHALES IN THE SANTA BARBARA.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/I4V3PPJ2/BETZ - 2011 - REDUCING THE RISK OF VESSEL STRIKES TO ENDANGERED WHALES IN THE SANTA BARBARA.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{stingle_using_2012,
  title = {Using blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) photographic-identification sightings to assess potential vessel-whale encounters in the Santa Barbara Channel},
  url = {http://summit.sfu.ca/item/12464},
  timestamp = {2015-07-23 20:24:29},
  urldate = {2015-07-23},
  author = {Stingle, Kelli Faye},
  year = {2012},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/UZUAKDAB/12464.html:text/html;Stingle - 2012 - Using blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) photographic-identification sightings.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8N6ZCZ5K/Stingle - 2012 - Using blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) photographic-identification sightings.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{mckenna_response_2012,
  title = {Response of Commercial Ships to a Voluntary Speed Reduction Measure: Are Voluntary Strategies Adequate for Mitigating Ship-Strike Risk?},
  volume = {40},
  issn = {0892-0753},
  shorttitle = {Response of Commercial Ships to a Voluntary Speed Reduction Measure},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2012.727749},
  doi = {10.1080/08920753.2012.727749},
  abstract = {Collisions between ships and whales are an increasing concern for endangered large whale species. After an unusually high number of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) were fatally struck in 2007 off the coast of southern California, federal agencies implemented a voluntary conservation program to reduce the likelihood of ship-strikes in the region. This initiative involved seasonal advisory broadcasts requesting vessel operators to voluntarily slow to 10 knots or less when transiting a 75 nm stretch of designated shipping lanes. We monitored ship adherence with those speed advisories using Automatic Identification System data. Daily average speed of cargo and tanker ships and the average speed of individual ship transits before, during, and after the notices were statistically analyzed for changes related to the notices. Whereas a small number of individual ships (1\%) traveled significantly slower during the requested periods, speeds were not at or below the recommended 10 knots, nor were daily average speeds reduced during the notices. Voluntary conservation measures are established in a variety of contexts, and may be preferable to regulatory action; in this case, a request to make voluntary changes appeared largely ineffective. Reducing collision risks for whales in this area will require consideration of the various factors that likely explain the lack of adherence when developing an alternative strategy.},
  timestamp = {2015-07-23 22:17:12},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2015-07-23},
  journal = {Coastal Management},
  author = {{McKenna}, Megan F. and Katz, Stephen L. and Condit, Christopher and Walbridge, Shaun},
  month = nov,
  year = {2012},
  pages = {634--650},
  file = {McKenna et al - 2012 - Response of Commercial Ships to a Voluntary Speed Reduction Measure.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/URTMMH27/McKenna et al - 2012 - Response of Commercial Ships to a Voluntary Speed Reduction Measure.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/Z5AZ8D5T/08920753.2012.html:text/html}
}

@misc{_reducing_,
  title = {Reducing Ship Strikes to North Atlantic Right Whales :: {NOAA} Fisheries},
  url = {http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/shipstrike/},
  timestamp = {2015-06-11 22:28:21},
  urldate = {2015-06-11},
  file = {Reducing Ship Strikes to North Atlantic Right Whales \:\: NOAA Fisheries:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/2PK2H6CB/shipstrike.html:text/html}
}

@article{waerebeek_vessel_2007,
  title = {Vessel collisions with small cetaceans worldwide and with large whales in the Southern Hemisphere, an initial assessment},
  volume = {6},
  copyright = {Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:    Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution License  that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.   Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.   Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See  The Effect of Open Access ).},
  issn = {2236-1057},
  url = {http://www.lajamjournal.org/index.php/lajam/article/view/263},
  doi = {10.5597/lajam00109},
  abstract = {Collisions with vessels are a well-documented conservation problem for some populations of large whales (LW) in the Northern Hemisphere. Less attention has been given to incidents in the Southern Hemisphere or to small cetaceans (SC) worldwide, therefore an experimental database was compiled (N=256; 119 LW, 137 SC) to allow a rapid assessment. Confirmed collision records were identified for 25 species (7 LW, 18 SC) and unconfirmed but probable records for 10 other species (2 LW, 8 SC). Among LW, ship-caused mortality and traumatic injuries seem to affect primarily southern right (56 reported cases), humpback (15) and Bryde's whales (13), but also sperm (8), blue (5), sei (4) and fin whales (2) are involved, and probably Antarctic minke and dwarf minke whales. Southern right whale populations off South Africa and off eastern South America (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina) suffer significant mortality. Incidence and potential population impact vary widely among the 26 small cetacean species for which collision records exist. Vessel strikes in at least two populations each of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Xiamen and Hong Kong/Pearl River, possibly western Taiwan), Irrawaddy dolphin (Mahakam River, Chilika Lagoon, possibly Laos) and finless porpoise (Yangtze River, Hong Kong) may directly compromise long-term survival. Annual vessel-caused mortality (min. 2.9\% of population) for Irrawaddy dolphins in the Mahakam River may not be sustainable. The quasi-extinction of the baiji warns for a potential similar fate for the Yangtze River finless porpoise and Ganges river dolphin. Two calves of the endangered Hector's dolphin are known killed by boats. All highly impacted species have a neritic, estuarine or fluviatile habitat, areas where vessel traffic is concentrated. Species that may receive a moderate impact from collisions but which may be sustainable at species level (because many strikes are nonlethal), include common bottlenose dolphins, killer whales, short-finned pilot whales and pygmy sperm whales. Almost 2\% of common bottlenose dolphins in the Gulf of Guayaquil showed propeller-inflicted injuries and scars. Propeller guards should be made compulsory for all boat-based cetacean tourism, as habituation to boat traffic seems a contributing factor in accidents. Low impact occurs in 15 small cetacean species with only few reported vessel strikes. However, vast underreporting is thought to be the norm and there is a need for a global, standardised database.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21 00:56:06},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  journal = {Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals},
  author = {Waerebeek, K. Van and Baker, A. N. and F{\'e}lix, F. and Gedamke, J. and I{\~n}iguez, M. and Sanino, G. P. and Secchi, E. and Sutaria, D. and Helden, A. van and Wang, Y.},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {43--69},
  file = {Waerebeek et al - 2007 - Vessel collisions with small cetaceans worldwide and with large whales in the.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/DCTEX3EJ/Waerebeek et al - 2007 - Vessel collisions with small cetaceans worldwide and with large whales in the.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/6RPVMNMN/263.html:text/html}
}

@article{ford_new_2013,
  title = {New insights into the northward migration route of gray whales between Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and southeastern Alaska},
  volume = {29},
  copyright = {{\textcopyright} 2012 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans.},
  issn = {1748-7692},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.duke.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00572.x/abstract},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00572.x},
  abstract = {The route taken by northward migrating gray whales during spring between Vancouver Island and southeastern Alaska, a distance of about 575 km, has long been uncertain. It is generally believed that the whales closely follow the western, outer coastline of Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands), an archipelago lying between Vancouver Island and southeastern Alaska, consistent with their pattern of migrating close to shore over the majority of their northward migratory corridor. By tracking satellite-tagged individuals and surveying whales from shore bases, we provide evidence that this is not the primary migratory corridor, but instead that most whales migrate through Hecate Strait and Dixon Entrance, broad waterways that lie to the east and north of Haida Gwaii. By using this route, northbound gray whales potentially face a wider range of industrial activities and developments than they would by migrating along the outer coast.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21 01:28:53},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  author = {Ford, John K. B. and Durban, John W. and Ellis, Graeme M. and Towers, Jared R. and Pilkington, James F. and Barrett-Lennard, Lance G. and Andrews, Russel D.},
  month = apr,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Eschrichtius robustus,gray whale,migratory corridor,satellite tagging,shore survey,Telemetry},
  pages = {325--337},
  file = {Ford et al - 2013 - New insights into the northward migration route of gray whales between.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/5U2DZG4U/Ford et al - 2013 - New insights into the northward migration route of gray whales between.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/8P5B63CD/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{vanderhoop_absolute_2012a,
  title = {Absolute probability estimates of lethal vessel strikes to North Atlantic right whales in Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf},
  volume = {22},
  url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/11-1841.1},
  timestamp = {2015-07-23 20:23:02},
  number = {7},
  urldate = {2015-07-23},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  author = {Van Der Hoop, Julie M. and Vanderlaan, Angelia {SM} and Taggart, Christopher T.},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {2021--2033},
  file = {Van Der Hoop et al - 2012 - Absolute probability estimates of lethal vessel strikes to North Atlantic right.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/D34PPTH9/Van Der Hoop et al - 2012 - Absolute probability estimates of lethal vessel strikes to North Atlantic right.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/XKRAR6GN/11-1841.html:text/html}
}

@phdthesis{foschini_approximation_2012,
  title = {Approximation Algorithms for Problems on Networks and Streams of Data},
  url = {https://lucafoschini.com/papers/Dissertation.pdf},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 20:42:06},
  urldate = {2015-06-22},
  school = {{UNIVERSITY} {OF} {CALIFORNIA} Santa Barbara},
  author = {Foschini, Luca},
  year = {2012}
}

@article{foschini_complexity_2014,
  title = {On the complexity of time-dependent shortest paths},
  volume = {68},
  url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00453-012-9714-7},
  timestamp = {2015-06-22 20:42:52},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-06-22},
  journal = {Algorithmica},
  author = {Foschini, Luca and Hershberger, John and Suri, Subhash},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {1075--1097},
  file = {Foschini et al - 2014 - On the complexity of time-dependent shortest paths.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/SFKVHKX4/Foschini et al - 2014 - On the complexity of time-dependent shortest paths.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/HNMUWNTI/s00453-012-9714-7.html:text/html}
}

@article{monnahan_estimating_2014,
  title = {Estimating Historical Eastern North Pacific Blue Whale Catches Using Spatial Calling Patterns},
  volume = {9},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098974},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0098974},
  abstract = {Blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) were exploited extensively around the world and remain endangered. In the North Pacific their population structure is unclear and current status unknown, with the exception of a well-studied eastern North Pacific (ENP) population. Despite existing abundance estimates for the ENP population, it is difficult to estimate pre-exploitation abundance levels and gauge their recovery because historical catches of the ENP population are difficult to separate from catches of other populations in the North Pacific. We collated previously unreported Soviet catches and combined these with known catches to form the most current estimates of North Pacific blue whale catches. We split these conflated catches using recorded acoustic calls from throughout the North Pacific, the knowledge that the ENP population produces a different call than blue whales in the western North Pacific (WNP). The catches were split by estimating spatiotemporal occurrence of blue whales with generalized additive models fitted to acoustic call patterns, which predict the probability a catch belonged to the ENP population based on the proportion of calls of each population recorded by latitude, longitude, and month. When applied to the conflated historical catches, which totaled 9,773, we estimate that ENP blue whale catches totaled 3,411 (95\% range 2,593 to 4,114) from 1905{\textendash}1971, and amounted to 35\% (95\% range 27\% to 42\%) of all catches in the North Pacific. Thus most catches in the North Pacific were for WNP blue whales, totaling 6,362 (95\% range 5,659 to 7,180). The uncertainty in the acoustic data influence the results substantially more than uncertainty in catch locations and dates, but the results are fairly insensitive to the ecological assumptions made in the analysis. The results of this study provide information for future studies investigating the recovery of these populations and the impact of continuing and future sources of anthropogenic mortality.},
  timestamp = {2015-07-23 22:42:15},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2015-07-23},
  journal = {{PLoS} {ONE}},
  author = {Monnahan, Cole C. and Branch, Trevor A. and Stafford, Kathleen M. and Ivashchenko, Yulia V. and Oleson, Erin M.},
  month = jun,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {e98974},
  file = {Monnahan et al - 2014 - Estimating Historical Eastern North Pacific Blue Whale Catches Using Spatial.pdf:/Users/bbest/zotero/storage/P7S7GM9J/Monnahan et al - 2014 - Estimating Historical Eastern North Pacific Blue Whale Catches Using Spatial.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@comment{jabref-meta: groupsversion:3;}
@comment{jabref-meta: groupstree:
0 AllEntriesGroup:;
1 ExplicitGroup:Central America\;0\;guzman_potential_2013\;guzman_popu
lation_2015\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:c_routing\;0\;vanderlaan_reducing_2008\;urban_graph_20
09\;schick_striking_2009\;wood_gis_2007\;vanderlaan_efficacy_2009\;env
iroemergconsultingservices_major_2008\;fonnesbeck_bayesian_2008\;vande
rlaan_estimating_2011\;halpern_global_2008\;chetkiewicz_corridors_2006
\;russell_recommended_2001\;treml_modeling_2008\;ward-geiger_character
ization_2005\;best_updated_2015\;urban_landscape_2001\;clarke_identifi
cation_2006\;vanderlaan_vessel_2007\;vanderlaan_probability_2009\;vand
erhoop_vessel_2015\;vanderhoop_absolute_2012\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:fairness efficiency\;0\;_what_\;_research_\;bertsimas_
fairness_2011\;bertsimas_trading_\;bertsimas_fairness_2011a\;bertsimas
_characterization_2010\;bertsimas_price_2011\;barnhart_equitable_2009\
;;
1 ExplicitGroup:industry\;0\;_home_\;_imo_\;_united_\;maxwell_cumulati
ve_2013\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:machine learning software\;0\;_aerosolve_\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:marmam navy impacts\;0\;fitch_appraisal_2013\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:mid Atlantic\;0\;samoteskul_changing_2014\;samoteskul_
analyzing_2013\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:other\;0\;cook_population_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:pbr limits\;0\;williams_potential_2008\;couvat_evaluat
ion_2013\;betz_reducing_2011a\;williams_mapping_2011\;bocking_review_2
011\;currie_modeling_\;wright_practical_2015\;dwyer_short_2014\;redfer
n_marine_\;bissell_using_2013a\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:place: BC\;0\;monnahan_ship_2015\;williams_modelling_2
010\;webb_activity_2015\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:place: GoM\;0\;wiley_modeling_2011\;ward-geiger_charac
terization_2005\;vanderlaan_probability_2009\;vanderhoop_vessel_2015\;
vanderhoop_assessment_2013\;vanderhoop_absolute_2012\;laist_effectiven
ess_2014\;mullen_developing_2013\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:place: SB\;0\;_whales_\;redfern_assessing_2013\;betz_r
educing_2011\;samoteskul_changing_2014\;samoteskul_analyzing_2013\;sti
ngle_using_2012\;mckenna_response_2012\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:ship strike\;0\;wiley_modeling_2011\;redfern_assessing
_2013\;_reducing_\;vanderlaan_vessel_2007\;vanderlaan_probability_2009
\;undefined\;vanderhoop_absolute_2012\;waerebeek_vessel_2007\;monnahan
_ship_2015\;ford_new_2013\;currie_modeling_\;vanderhoop_absolute_2012a
\;stingle_using_2012\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:space time routing\;0\;foschini_approximation_2012\;fo
schini_complexity_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:species: blue whale\;0\;monnahan_ship_2015\;monnahan_e
stimating_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:species: r whale\;0\;laist_effectiveness_2014\;;
1 ExplicitGroup:vessels speed by type\;0\;webb_activity_2015\;;
}