diff --git a/.jules/bolt.md b/.jules/bolt.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec471c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.jules/bolt.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+## 2024-12-04 - Canvas Rendering Optimization via Sprite Caching
+**Learning:** Per-frame creation of radial/linear gradients, `shadowBlur` effects, and nested grid drawing loops in HTML5 Canvas creates significant CPU/GPU overhead, especially as the number of game objects (like snake segments) increases. Pre-rendering these elements once into offscreen canvases ("sprites") and using `ctx.drawImage` in the main loop drastically reduces frame time.
+**Action:** When optimizing Canvas applications, profile the rendering loop for expensive drawing commands. Migrate static or semi-static game elements to a sprite caching system. Remember to add padding to the offscreen canvases to account for effects like shadows that extend beyond the object's base dimensions.
diff --git a/snake.html b/snake.html
index 78830bb..de5a591 100644
--- a/snake.html
+++ b/snake.html
@@ -323,6 +323,119 @@ 🐍 貪吃蛇大冒險
let speedBoost = false;
let speedBoostTimer = 0;
+ // Sprite cache canvases
+ let backgroundSprite, headSprite, bodySprite, foodSprite, speedPowerUpSprite, scorePowerUpSprite, obstacleSprite;
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an offscreen canvas for sprite caching.
+ */
+ function createOffscreenCanvas(width, height) {
+ const offscreen = document.createElement('canvas');
+ offscreen.width = width;
+ offscreen.height = height;
+ return offscreen;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Pre-renders game elements into offscreen canvases to optimize the main loop.
+ */
+ function initSprites() {
+ // 1. Background Grid
+ backgroundSprite = createOffscreenCanvas(canvas.width, canvas.height);
+ const bgCtx = backgroundSprite.getContext('2d', { alpha: false });
+ bgCtx.fillStyle = 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)';
+ bgCtx.fillRect(0, 0, backgroundSprite.width, backgroundSprite.height);
+ bgCtx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1)';
+ bgCtx.lineWidth = 1;
+ for (let i = 0; i <= tileCount; i++) {
+ bgCtx.beginPath();
+ bgCtx.moveTo(i * gridSize, 0);
+ bgCtx.lineTo(i * gridSize, backgroundSprite.height);
+ bgCtx.stroke();
+ bgCtx.beginPath();
+ bgCtx.moveTo(0, i * gridSize);
+ bgCtx.lineTo(backgroundSprite.width, i * gridSize);
+ bgCtx.stroke();
+ }
+
+ // 2. Snake Head
+ headSprite = createOffscreenCanvas(gridSize, gridSize);
+ const headCtx = headSprite.getContext('2d');
+ const headGradient = headCtx.createRadialGradient(gridSize / 2, gridSize / 2, 0, gridSize / 2, gridSize / 2, gridSize / 2);
+ headGradient.addColorStop(0, '#ff6b6b');
+ headGradient.addColorStop(1, '#ee5a52');
+ headCtx.fillStyle = headGradient;
+ headCtx.fillRect(2, 2, gridSize - 4, gridSize - 4);
+ headCtx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)';
+ headCtx.lineWidth = 2;
+ headCtx.strokeRect(2, 2, gridSize - 4, gridSize - 4);
+
+ // 3. Snake Body
+ bodySprite = createOffscreenCanvas(gridSize, gridSize);
+ const bodyCtx = bodySprite.getContext('2d');
+ const bodyGradient = bodyCtx.createRadialGradient(gridSize / 2, gridSize / 2, 0, gridSize / 2, gridSize / 2, gridSize / 2);
+ bodyGradient.addColorStop(0, '#4ecdc4');
+ bodyGradient.addColorStop(1, '#44a08d');
+ bodyCtx.fillStyle = bodyGradient;
+ bodyCtx.fillRect(2, 2, gridSize - 4, gridSize - 4);
+ bodyCtx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)';
+ bodyCtx.lineWidth = 2;
+ bodyCtx.strokeRect(2, 2, gridSize - 4, gridSize - 4);
+
+ // 4. Food (with shadow)
+ // Use larger canvas to accommodate shadowBlur=10
+ foodSprite = createOffscreenCanvas(gridSize * 3, gridSize * 3);
+ const foodCtx = foodSprite.getContext('2d');
+ const center = (gridSize * 3) / 2;
+ const foodGradient = foodCtx.createRadialGradient(center, center, 0, center, center, gridSize / 2);
+ foodGradient.addColorStop(0, '#ffd700');
+ foodGradient.addColorStop(1, '#ffb347');
+ foodCtx.shadowColor = '#ffd700';
+ foodCtx.shadowBlur = 10;
+ foodCtx.fillStyle = foodGradient;
+ foodCtx.beginPath();
+ foodCtx.arc(center, center, gridSize / 2 - 2, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
+ foodCtx.fill();
+
+ // 5. Speed PowerUp (with shadow)
+ speedPowerUpSprite = createOffscreenCanvas(gridSize * 3, gridSize * 3);
+ const speedCtx = speedPowerUpSprite.getContext('2d');
+ const speedGradient = speedCtx.createRadialGradient(center, center, 0, center, center, gridSize / 2);
+ speedGradient.addColorStop(0, '#00ff00');
+ speedGradient.addColorStop(1, '#00cc00');
+ speedCtx.shadowColor = '#00ff00';
+ speedCtx.shadowBlur = 15;
+ speedCtx.fillStyle = speedGradient;
+ speedCtx.beginPath();
+ speedCtx.arc(center, center, gridSize / 3, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
+ speedCtx.fill();
+
+ // 6. Score PowerUp (with shadow)
+ scorePowerUpSprite = createOffscreenCanvas(gridSize * 3, gridSize * 3);
+ const scoreCtx = scorePowerUpSprite.getContext('2d');
+ const scoreGradient = scoreCtx.createRadialGradient(center, center, 0, center, center, gridSize / 2);
+ scoreGradient.addColorStop(0, '#ff00ff');
+ scoreGradient.addColorStop(1, '#cc00cc');
+ scoreCtx.shadowColor = '#ff00ff';
+ scoreCtx.shadowBlur = 15;
+ scoreCtx.fillStyle = scoreGradient;
+ scoreCtx.beginPath();
+ scoreCtx.arc(center, center, gridSize / 3, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
+ scoreCtx.fill();
+
+ // 7. Obstacle
+ obstacleSprite = createOffscreenCanvas(gridSize, gridSize);
+ const obsCtx = obstacleSprite.getContext('2d');
+ const obstacleGradient = obsCtx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, gridSize, gridSize);
+ obstacleGradient.addColorStop(0, '#8b4513');
+ obstacleGradient.addColorStop(1, '#654321');
+ obsCtx.fillStyle = obstacleGradient;
+ obsCtx.fillRect(0, 0, gridSize, gridSize);
+ obsCtx.strokeStyle = '#a0522d';
+ obsCtx.lineWidth = 2;
+ obsCtx.strokeRect(0, 0, gridSize, gridSize);
+ }
+
// 遊戲模式設定
const gameModes = {
1: { name: '經典模式', speed: 150, obstacles: false, powerUps: false },
@@ -333,6 +446,7 @@ 🐍 貪吃蛇大冒險
// 初始化遊戲
function initGame() {
+ initSprites();
snake = [{x: 10, y: 10}];
dx = 1; // 遊戲開始時向右移動
dy = 0;
@@ -414,121 +528,43 @@ 🐍 貪吃蛇大冒險
// 繪制遊戲
function drawGame() {
- // 清空畫布
- ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)';
- ctx.fillRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
-
- // 繪制網格
- ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1)';
- ctx.lineWidth = 1;
- for (let i = 0; i <= tileCount; i++) {
- ctx.beginPath();
- ctx.moveTo(i * gridSize, 0);
- ctx.lineTo(i * gridSize, canvas.height);
- ctx.stroke();
-
- ctx.beginPath();
- ctx.moveTo(0, i * gridSize);
- ctx.lineTo(canvas.width, i * gridSize);
- ctx.stroke();
+ // 1. Draw cached background
+ if (backgroundSprite) {
+ ctx.drawImage(backgroundSprite, 0, 0);
+ } else {
+ ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)';
+ ctx.fillRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
}
- // 繪制蛇
+ // 2. Draw snake using sprites
snake.forEach((segment, index) => {
- const gradient = ctx.createRadialGradient(
- segment.x * gridSize + gridSize/2,
- segment.y * gridSize + gridSize/2,
- 0,
- segment.x * gridSize + gridSize/2,
- segment.y * gridSize + gridSize/2,
- gridSize/2
- );
-
- if (index === 0) {
- // 蛇頭
- gradient.addColorStop(0, '#ff6b6b');
- gradient.addColorStop(1, '#ee5a52');
- } else {
- // 蛇身
- gradient.addColorStop(0, '#4ecdc4');
- gradient.addColorStop(1, '#44a08d');
+ const sprite = (index === 0) ? headSprite : bodySprite;
+ if (sprite) {
+ ctx.drawImage(sprite, segment.x * gridSize, segment.y * gridSize);
}
-
- ctx.fillStyle = gradient;
- ctx.fillRect(segment.x * gridSize + 2, segment.y * gridSize + 2, gridSize - 4, gridSize - 4);
- ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3)';
- ctx.lineWidth = 2;
- ctx.strokeRect(segment.x * gridSize + 2, segment.y * gridSize + 2, gridSize - 4, gridSize - 4);
});
- // 繪制食物
- const foodGradient = ctx.createRadialGradient(
- food.x * gridSize + gridSize/2,
- food.y * gridSize + gridSize/2,
- 0,
- food.x * gridSize + gridSize/2,
- food.y * gridSize + gridSize/2,
- gridSize/2
- );
- foodGradient.addColorStop(0, '#ffd700');
- foodGradient.addColorStop(1, '#ffb347');
-
- ctx.fillStyle = foodGradient;
- ctx.beginPath();
- ctx.arc(food.x * gridSize + gridSize/2, food.y * gridSize + gridSize/2, gridSize/2 - 2, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
- ctx.fill();
-
- // 食物閃爍效果
- ctx.shadowColor = '#ffd700';
- ctx.shadowBlur = 10;
- ctx.fill();
- ctx.shadowBlur = 0;
+ // 3. Draw food using sprite (with shadow offset correction)
+ if (foodSprite) {
+ const offset = gridSize; // padding was 1*gridSize
+ ctx.drawImage(foodSprite, food.x * gridSize - offset, food.y * gridSize - offset);
+ }
- // 繪制道具
+ // 4. Draw power-up using sprite
if (powerUp) {
- const powerUpGradient = ctx.createRadialGradient(
- powerUp.x * gridSize + gridSize/2,
- powerUp.y * gridSize + gridSize/2,
- 0,
- powerUp.x * gridSize + gridSize/2,
- powerUp.y * gridSize + gridSize/2,
- gridSize/2
- );
-
- if (powerUp.type === 'speed') {
- powerUpGradient.addColorStop(0, '#00ff00');
- powerUpGradient.addColorStop(1, '#00cc00');
- } else {
- powerUpGradient.addColorStop(0, '#ff00ff');
- powerUpGradient.addColorStop(1, '#cc00cc');
+ const sprite = (powerUp.type === 'speed') ? speedPowerUpSprite : scorePowerUpSprite;
+ if (sprite) {
+ const offset = gridSize;
+ ctx.drawImage(sprite, powerUp.x * gridSize - offset, powerUp.y * gridSize - offset);
}
-
- ctx.fillStyle = powerUpGradient;
- ctx.beginPath();
- ctx.arc(powerUp.x * gridSize + gridSize/2, powerUp.y * gridSize + gridSize/2, gridSize/3, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
- ctx.fill();
-
- ctx.shadowColor = powerUp.type === 'speed' ? '#00ff00' : '#ff00ff';
- ctx.shadowBlur = 15;
- ctx.fill();
- ctx.shadowBlur = 0;
}
- // 繪制障礙物
- obstacles.forEach(obstacle => {
- const obstacleGradient = ctx.createLinearGradient(
- obstacle.x * gridSize, obstacle.y * gridSize,
- obstacle.x * gridSize + gridSize, obstacle.y * gridSize + gridSize
- );
- obstacleGradient.addColorStop(0, '#8b4513');
- obstacleGradient.addColorStop(1, '#654321');
-
- ctx.fillStyle = obstacleGradient;
- ctx.fillRect(obstacle.x * gridSize, obstacle.y * gridSize, gridSize, gridSize);
- ctx.strokeStyle = '#a0522d';
- ctx.lineWidth = 2;
- ctx.strokeRect(obstacle.x * gridSize, obstacle.y * gridSize, gridSize, gridSize);
- });
+ // 5. Draw obstacles using sprite
+ if (obstacleSprite) {
+ obstacles.forEach(obstacle => {
+ ctx.drawImage(obstacleSprite, obstacle.x * gridSize, obstacle.y * gridSize);
+ });
+ }
}
// 移動蛇