From 4bc4dec848eb4c052be4f739c1ed3102f315695b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jia Yu <jiayu@apache.org>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 23:33:04 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/4] =?UTF-8?q?Add=20geometry=E2=86=94Box2D=20Catalyst=20c?=
 =?UTF-8?q?ast=20(#2927)?=
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Spark's `Cast.canCast` rejects arbitrary UDT-to-UDT casts, so today users
have to call `ST_Box2D(geom)` / `ST_GeomFromBox2D(box)` explicitly. This
PR teaches Catalyst to handle the conversions as ordinary SQL casts.

Implementation:

- New `Box2DCastResolutionRule` analyzer rule rewrites
  `Cast(geom, Box2DUDT)` → `ST_Box2D(geom)` and
  `Cast(box, GeometryUDT)` → `ST_GeomFromBox2D(box)`. It runs before
  `CheckAnalysis`, so the downstream optimizer/codegen see the rewritten
  expression and never observe the rejected Cast.
- Registered via `SparkSessionExtensions.injectResolutionRule` from
  `SedonaSqlExtensions`.
- `SedonaSqlAstBuilder.visitPrimitiveDataType` now recognizes `BOX2D` as
  a type keyword across all supported Spark versions, so SQL
  `CAST(... AS box2d)` parses to `Box2DUDT`.

Tests:
- Unit test of the rule (rewrite for both directions, no-op for
  unrelated casts).
- SQL end-to-end suite under spark-3.5 covering SQL CAST in both
  directions, DataFrame `.cast(Box2DUDT)` / `.cast(GeometryUDT())`,
  round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry, and NULL propagation.

Closes #2927.
---
 .../sedona/sql/SedonaSqlExtensions.scala      |  6 ++
 .../sedona_sql/expressions/Constructors.scala |  5 +-
 .../Box2DCastResolutionRule.scala             | 57 ++++++++++++
 .../sql/Box2DCastResolutionRuleSuite.scala    | 70 +++++++++++++++
 .../sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala      |  8 +-
 .../sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala      |  8 +-
 .../apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala    | 89 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala      |  8 +-
 .../sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala      |  8 +-
 9 files changed, 240 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 spark/common/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/sedona_sql/optimization/Box2DCastResolutionRule.scala
 create mode 100644 spark/common/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastResolutionRuleSuite.scala
 create mode 100644 spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala

diff --git a/spark/common/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/SedonaSqlExtensions.scala b/spark/common/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/SedonaSqlExtensions.scala
index 2856a735bf3..33182a7f90a 100644
--- a/spark/common/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/SedonaSqlExtensions.scala
+++ b/spark/common/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/SedonaSqlExtensions.scala
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import org.apache.sedona.spark.SedonaContext
 import org.apache.spark.SparkContext
 import org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSessionExtensions
 import org.apache.spark.sql.parser.ParserFactory
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.optimization.Box2DCastResolutionRule
 import org.slf4j.{Logger, LoggerFactory}
 
 class SedonaSqlExtensions extends (SparkSessionExtensions => Unit) {
@@ -36,6 +37,11 @@ class SedonaSqlExtensions extends (SparkSessionExtensions => Unit) {
       _ => ()
     })
 
+    // Resolve geometry↔Box2D casts during analysis so the analyzer accepts
+    // `CAST(geom AS box2d)` / `CAST(box AS geometry)` despite Spark's stock cast resolver
+    // refusing arbitrary UDT-to-UDT casts.
+    e.injectResolutionRule(_ => new Box2DCastResolutionRule)
+
     // Inject Sedona SQL parser
     if (enableParser) {
       // Try to inject the Sedona SQL parser but gracefully handle initialization failures.
diff --git a/spark/common/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/sedona_sql/expressions/Constructors.scala b/spark/common/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/sedona_sql/expressions/Constructors.scala
index 57549812512..beac34727dd 100644
--- a/spark/common/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/sedona_sql/expressions/Constructors.scala
+++ b/spark/common/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/sedona_sql/expressions/Constructors.scala
@@ -554,9 +554,8 @@ private[apache] case class ST_MakeBox2D(inputExpressions: Seq[Expression])
 
 /**
  * Convert a Box2D to a closed rectangular polygon Geometry. Equivalent to PostGIS {@code
- * box2d::geometry}. Exposed as a function rather than a Catalyst implicit cast because UDT-to-UDT
- * implicit casts require Catalyst-level work; ST_GeomFromBox2D lives alongside the other
- * ST_GeomFrom* constructors.
+ * box2d::geometry}. `CAST(box AS geometry)` is also accepted (resolved to this expression by the
+ * Box2D cast resolution rule).
  *
  * @param inputExpressions
  */
diff --git a/spark/common/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/sedona_sql/optimization/Box2DCastResolutionRule.scala b/spark/common/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/sedona_sql/optimization/Box2DCastResolutionRule.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..580fd952752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spark/common/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/sedona_sql/optimization/Box2DCastResolutionRule.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.optimization
+
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.Cast
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.plans.logical.LogicalPlan
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.rules.Rule
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.{Box2DUDT, GeometryUDT}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.expressions.{ST_Box2D, ST_GeomFromBox2D}
+
+/**
+ * Analyzer rule that resolves Catalyst casts between Sedona UDTs that Spark's stock cast resolver
+ * does not handle. Specifically:
+ *
+ *   - `CAST(geom AS box2d)` → `ST_Box2D(geom)` (planar bounding box of the geometry)
+ *   - `CAST(box AS geometry)` → `ST_GeomFromBox2D(box)` (rectangular polygon from a Box2D)
+ *
+ * Spark's `Cast.canCast` returns `false` for arbitrary UDT-to-UDT casts, so without this rule the
+ * analyzer would reject the cast. We rewrite during analysis (before `CheckAnalysis`) so the
+ * downstream optimizer and codegen path see the expression tree of an ordinary Sedona expression.
+ *
+ * Implicit type coercion (e.g. passing a Geometry into a Box2D-typed function argument without an
+ * explicit cast) is intentionally out of scope here; it requires hooking into Catalyst's type
+ * coercion rules and is tracked separately.
+ */
+class Box2DCastResolutionRule extends Rule[LogicalPlan] {
+
+  override def apply(plan: LogicalPlan): LogicalPlan = plan.transformAllExpressions {
+    case c: Cast
+        if c.child.resolved
+          && c.child.dataType.isInstanceOf[GeometryUDT]
+          && c.dataType.isInstanceOf[Box2DUDT] =>
+      ST_Box2D(Seq(c.child))
+
+    case c: Cast
+        if c.child.resolved
+          && c.child.dataType.isInstanceOf[Box2DUDT]
+          && c.dataType.isInstanceOf[GeometryUDT] =>
+      ST_GeomFromBox2D(Seq(c.child))
+  }
+}
diff --git a/spark/common/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastResolutionRuleSuite.scala b/spark/common/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastResolutionRuleSuite.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..322dd370fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spark/common/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastResolutionRuleSuite.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.sedona.sql
+
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.{Alias, AttributeReference, Cast, Expression, Literal}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.plans.logical.{LocalRelation, LogicalPlan, Project}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.{Box2DUDT, GeometryUDT}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.expressions.{ST_Box2D, ST_GeomFromBox2D}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.optimization.Box2DCastResolutionRule
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types.LongType
+import org.scalatest.funspec.AnyFunSpec
+
+class Box2DCastResolutionRuleSuite extends AnyFunSpec {
+
+  private val rule = new Box2DCastResolutionRule
+
+  private def projectExprPlan(input: AttributeReference, expr: Expression): LogicalPlan = {
+    val rel = LocalRelation(input)
+    Project(Seq(Alias(expr, "out")()), rel)
+  }
+
+  describe("Box2DCastResolutionRule") {
+    it("rewrites Cast(geometry-typed expression, Box2DUDT) into ST_Box2D") {
+      val geomAttr = AttributeReference("g", GeometryUDT(), nullable = true)()
+      val cast = Cast(geomAttr, Box2DUDT)
+      val rewritten = rule(projectExprPlan(geomAttr, cast))
+      val outExpr =
+        rewritten.asInstanceOf[Project].projectList.head.asInstanceOf[Alias].child
+      assert(outExpr.isInstanceOf[ST_Box2D])
+      assert(outExpr.asInstanceOf[ST_Box2D].inputExpressions == Seq(geomAttr))
+      assert(outExpr.dataType.isInstanceOf[Box2DUDT])
+    }
+
+    it("rewrites Cast(Box2D-typed expression, GeometryUDT) into ST_GeomFromBox2D") {
+      val boxAttr = AttributeReference("b", Box2DUDT, nullable = true)()
+      val cast = Cast(boxAttr, GeometryUDT())
+      val rewritten = rule(projectExprPlan(boxAttr, cast))
+      val outExpr =
+        rewritten.asInstanceOf[Project].projectList.head.asInstanceOf[Alias].child
+      assert(outExpr.isInstanceOf[ST_GeomFromBox2D])
+      assert(outExpr.asInstanceOf[ST_GeomFromBox2D].inputExpressions == Seq(boxAttr))
+      assert(outExpr.dataType.isInstanceOf[GeometryUDT])
+    }
+
+    it("leaves unrelated casts untouched") {
+      val geomAttr = AttributeReference("g", GeometryUDT(), nullable = true)()
+      val cast = Cast(Literal(1), LongType)
+      val rewritten = rule(projectExprPlan(geomAttr, cast))
+      val outExpr =
+        rewritten.asInstanceOf[Project].projectList.head.asInstanceOf[Alias].child
+      assert(outExpr.isInstanceOf[Cast])
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/spark/spark-3.4/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala b/spark/spark-3.4/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
index b56ed11c875..d92f55b29fa 100644
--- a/spark/spark-3.4/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-3.4/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ package org.apache.sedona.sql.parser
 
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser.SqlBaseParser._
 import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.SparkSqlAstBuilder
-import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.GeometryUDT
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.{Box2DUDT, GeometryUDT}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType
 
 class SedonaSqlAstBuilder extends SparkSqlAstBuilder {
 
   /**
-   * Override the method to handle the geometry data type
-   * @param ctx
-   * @return
+   * Recognize Sedona UDT names (GEOMETRY, BOX2D) as primitive data types so SQL
+   * `CAST(... AS geometry)` / `CAST(... AS box2d)` parse to the matching UDT.
    */
   override def visitPrimitiveDataType(ctx: PrimitiveDataTypeContext): DataType = {
     ctx.getText.toUpperCase() match {
       case "GEOMETRY" => GeometryUDT()
+      case "BOX2D" => Box2DUDT
       case _ => super.visitPrimitiveDataType(ctx)
     }
   }
diff --git a/spark/spark-3.5/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala b/spark/spark-3.5/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
index b56ed11c875..d92f55b29fa 100644
--- a/spark/spark-3.5/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-3.5/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ package org.apache.sedona.sql.parser
 
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser.SqlBaseParser._
 import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.SparkSqlAstBuilder
-import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.GeometryUDT
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.{Box2DUDT, GeometryUDT}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType
 
 class SedonaSqlAstBuilder extends SparkSqlAstBuilder {
 
   /**
-   * Override the method to handle the geometry data type
-   * @param ctx
-   * @return
+   * Recognize Sedona UDT names (GEOMETRY, BOX2D) as primitive data types so SQL
+   * `CAST(... AS geometry)` / `CAST(... AS box2d)` parse to the matching UDT.
    */
   override def visitPrimitiveDataType(ctx: PrimitiveDataTypeContext): DataType = {
     ctx.getText.toUpperCase() match {
       case "GEOMETRY" => GeometryUDT()
+      case "BOX2D" => Box2DUDT
       case _ => super.visitPrimitiveDataType(ctx)
     }
   }
diff --git a/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala b/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..512924f05d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.sedona.sql
+
+import org.apache.sedona.common.geometryObjects.Box2D
+import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.{col, expr}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.{Box2DUDT, GeometryUDT}
+class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
+
+  describe("Geometry ↔ Box2D Catalyst cast") {
+
+    it("SQL CAST(geom AS box2d) returns the planar bbox") {
+      val row = sparkSession
+        .sql(
+          "SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)') AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+      val box = row.getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == new Box2D(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 20.0))
+    }
+
+    it("SQL CAST(box AS geometry) returns the rectangular polygon") {
+      val wkt = sparkSession
+        .sql(
+          "SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS geometry)) AS w")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 2 0, 2 4, 0 4, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("DataFrame API .cast(Box2DUDT) rewrites to ST_Box2D") {
+      import sparkSession.implicits._
+      val df = Seq("POINT (3 7)").toDF("wkt")
+      val out = df
+        .select(expr("ST_GeomFromText(wkt)").alias("g"))
+        .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).alias("b"))
+        .collect()
+      val box = out.head.getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == new Box2D(3.0, 7.0, 3.0, 7.0))
+    }
+
+    it("DataFrame API .cast(GeometryUDT) rewrites to ST_GeomFromBox2D") {
+      import sparkSession.implicits._
+      val df = sparkSession.sql(
+        "SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(1.0, 1.0)) AS b")
+      val out = df
+        .select(col("b").cast(GeometryUDT()).alias("g"))
+        .selectExpr("ST_AsText(g) AS wkt")
+        .collect()
+      assert(out.head.getString(0) == "POLYGON ((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("Round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
+      val wkt = sparkSession
+        .sql(
+          "SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)') AS box2d) AS geometry)) AS w")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 5 0, 5 10, 0 10, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("CAST(NULL geometry AS box2d) returns null") {
+      val box = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == null)
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/spark/spark-4.0/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala b/spark/spark-4.0/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
index b56ed11c875..d92f55b29fa 100644
--- a/spark/spark-4.0/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-4.0/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ package org.apache.sedona.sql.parser
 
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser.SqlBaseParser._
 import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.SparkSqlAstBuilder
-import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.GeometryUDT
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.{Box2DUDT, GeometryUDT}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType
 
 class SedonaSqlAstBuilder extends SparkSqlAstBuilder {
 
   /**
-   * Override the method to handle the geometry data type
-   * @param ctx
-   * @return
+   * Recognize Sedona UDT names (GEOMETRY, BOX2D) as primitive data types so SQL
+   * `CAST(... AS geometry)` / `CAST(... AS box2d)` parse to the matching UDT.
    */
   override def visitPrimitiveDataType(ctx: PrimitiveDataTypeContext): DataType = {
     ctx.getText.toUpperCase() match {
       case "GEOMETRY" => GeometryUDT()
+      case "BOX2D" => Box2DUDT
       case _ => super.visitPrimitiveDataType(ctx)
     }
   }
diff --git a/spark/spark-4.1/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala b/spark/spark-4.1/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
index b56ed11c875..d92f55b29fa 100644
--- a/spark/spark-4.1/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-4.1/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ package org.apache.sedona.sql.parser
 
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser.SqlBaseParser._
 import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.SparkSqlAstBuilder
-import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.GeometryUDT
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.{Box2DUDT, GeometryUDT}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType
 
 class SedonaSqlAstBuilder extends SparkSqlAstBuilder {
 
   /**
-   * Override the method to handle the geometry data type
-   * @param ctx
-   * @return
+   * Recognize Sedona UDT names (GEOMETRY, BOX2D) as primitive data types so SQL
+   * `CAST(... AS geometry)` / `CAST(... AS box2d)` parse to the matching UDT.
    */
   override def visitPrimitiveDataType(ctx: PrimitiveDataTypeContext): DataType = {
     ctx.getText.toUpperCase() match {
       case "GEOMETRY" => GeometryUDT()
+      case "BOX2D" => Box2DUDT
       case _ => super.visitPrimitiveDataType(ctx)
     }
   }

From 20857badad7ee98cad7b30dc0ffdd3441f9bb6b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jia Yu <jiayu@apache.org>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 23:53:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/4] Apply spotless formatting

---
 .../sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala     |  4 ++--
 .../sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala     |  4 ++--
 .../org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala      | 13 +++++--------
 .../sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala     |  4 ++--
 .../sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala     |  4 ++--
 5 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/spark/spark-3.4/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala b/spark/spark-3.4/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
index d92f55b29fa..eaabd227713 100644
--- a/spark/spark-3.4/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-3.4/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType
 class SedonaSqlAstBuilder extends SparkSqlAstBuilder {
 
   /**
-   * Recognize Sedona UDT names (GEOMETRY, BOX2D) as primitive data types so SQL
-   * `CAST(... AS geometry)` / `CAST(... AS box2d)` parse to the matching UDT.
+   * Recognize Sedona UDT names (GEOMETRY, BOX2D) as primitive data types so SQL `CAST(... AS
+   * geometry)` / `CAST(... AS box2d)` parse to the matching UDT.
    */
   override def visitPrimitiveDataType(ctx: PrimitiveDataTypeContext): DataType = {
     ctx.getText.toUpperCase() match {
diff --git a/spark/spark-3.5/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala b/spark/spark-3.5/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
index d92f55b29fa..eaabd227713 100644
--- a/spark/spark-3.5/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-3.5/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType
 class SedonaSqlAstBuilder extends SparkSqlAstBuilder {
 
   /**
-   * Recognize Sedona UDT names (GEOMETRY, BOX2D) as primitive data types so SQL
-   * `CAST(... AS geometry)` / `CAST(... AS box2d)` parse to the matching UDT.
+   * Recognize Sedona UDT names (GEOMETRY, BOX2D) as primitive data types so SQL `CAST(... AS
+   * geometry)` / `CAST(... AS box2d)` parse to the matching UDT.
    */
   override def visitPrimitiveDataType(ctx: PrimitiveDataTypeContext): DataType = {
     ctx.getText.toUpperCase() match {
diff --git a/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala b/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
index 512924f05d5..4abaf7fa664 100644
--- a/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
@@ -27,8 +27,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(geom AS box2d) returns the planar bbox") {
       val row = sparkSession
-        .sql(
-          "SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)') AS box2d) AS b")
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)') AS box2d) AS b")
         .collect()
         .head
       val box = row.getAs[Box2D]("b")
@@ -37,8 +36,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(box AS geometry) returns the rectangular polygon") {
       val wkt = sparkSession
-        .sql(
-          "SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS geometry)) AS w")
+        .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS geometry)) AS w")
         .collect()
         .head
         .getString(0)
@@ -58,8 +56,8 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("DataFrame API .cast(GeometryUDT) rewrites to ST_GeomFromBox2D") {
       import sparkSession.implicits._
-      val df = sparkSession.sql(
-        "SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(1.0, 1.0)) AS b")
+      val df =
+        sparkSession.sql("SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(1.0, 1.0)) AS b")
       val out = df
         .select(col("b").cast(GeometryUDT()).alias("g"))
         .selectExpr("ST_AsText(g) AS wkt")
@@ -69,8 +67,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("Round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
       val wkt = sparkSession
-        .sql(
-          "SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)') AS box2d) AS geometry)) AS w")
+        .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)') AS box2d) AS geometry)) AS w")
         .collect()
         .head
         .getString(0)
diff --git a/spark/spark-4.0/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala b/spark/spark-4.0/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
index d92f55b29fa..eaabd227713 100644
--- a/spark/spark-4.0/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-4.0/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType
 class SedonaSqlAstBuilder extends SparkSqlAstBuilder {
 
   /**
-   * Recognize Sedona UDT names (GEOMETRY, BOX2D) as primitive data types so SQL
-   * `CAST(... AS geometry)` / `CAST(... AS box2d)` parse to the matching UDT.
+   * Recognize Sedona UDT names (GEOMETRY, BOX2D) as primitive data types so SQL `CAST(... AS
+   * geometry)` / `CAST(... AS box2d)` parse to the matching UDT.
    */
   override def visitPrimitiveDataType(ctx: PrimitiveDataTypeContext): DataType = {
     ctx.getText.toUpperCase() match {
diff --git a/spark/spark-4.1/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala b/spark/spark-4.1/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
index d92f55b29fa..eaabd227713 100644
--- a/spark/spark-4.1/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-4.1/src/main/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/parser/SedonaSqlAstBuilder.scala
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType
 class SedonaSqlAstBuilder extends SparkSqlAstBuilder {
 
   /**
-   * Recognize Sedona UDT names (GEOMETRY, BOX2D) as primitive data types so SQL
-   * `CAST(... AS geometry)` / `CAST(... AS box2d)` parse to the matching UDT.
+   * Recognize Sedona UDT names (GEOMETRY, BOX2D) as primitive data types so SQL `CAST(... AS
+   * geometry)` / `CAST(... AS box2d)` parse to the matching UDT.
    */
   override def visitPrimitiveDataType(ctx: PrimitiveDataTypeContext): DataType = {
     ctx.getText.toUpperCase() match {

From 0f40fcd0ebbe6e681c636d377d9778f0611d06df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jia Yu <jiayu@apache.org>
Date: Wed, 13 May 2026 14:56:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3/4] Replicate cast tests across Spark versions; gate SQL
 tests on parser
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Two follow-ups on the cast suite:

- The SQL `CAST(... AS box2d)` / `CAST(... AS geometry)` syntax requires
  Sedona's `SedonaSqlAstBuilder` to be the active parser. The test base
  randomizes `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, so the
  SQL-level tests now `assume(parserExtensionEnabled)` and are skipped
  (rather than failed) when the stock Spark parser is in effect. The
  DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because the
  resolution rule is always injected.
- The polygon vertex order produced by `ST_GeomFromBox2D` walks the
  envelope as (xmin,ymin) → (xmin,ymax) → (xmax,ymax) → (xmax,ymin); the
  expected WKTs are corrected to match.
- The suite is now replicated across spark-3.4 / 3.5 / 4.0 / 4.1 so each
  supported Spark version exercises the SQL + DataFrame surfaces of the
  geometry↔Box2D cast.
---
 .../apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala    | 134 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala    |  96 +++++++++----
 .../apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala    | 134 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala    | 134 ++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 474 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 spark/spark-3.4/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
 create mode 100644 spark/spark-4.0/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
 create mode 100644 spark/spark-4.1/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala

diff --git a/spark/spark-3.4/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala b/spark/spark-3.4/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c54134abc42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spark/spark-3.4/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.sedona.sql
+
+import org.apache.sedona.common.geometryObjects.Box2D
+import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.{col, expr}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.{Box2DUDT, GeometryUDT}
+
+class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
+
+  /**
+   * SQL `CAST(... AS box2d)` / `CAST(... AS geometry)` parsing requires Sedona's
+   * `SedonaSqlAstBuilder` to be active. The test base randomizes
+   * `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, so SQL-level CAST tests are gated on
+   * that flag. DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because the resolution rule is
+   * always injected.
+   */
+  private def parserExtensionEnabled: Boolean =
+    sparkSession.conf.get("spark.sedona.enableParserExtension", "true").toBoolean
+
+  describe("Geometry ↔ Box2D Catalyst cast") {
+
+    it("DataFrame .cast(Box2DUDT) rewrites to ST_Box2D") {
+      import sparkSession.implicits._
+      val df = Seq("LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)").toDF("wkt")
+      val box = df
+        .select(expr("ST_GeomFromText(wkt)").alias("g"))
+        .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).alias("b"))
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == new Box2D(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 20.0))
+    }
+
+    it("DataFrame .cast(GeometryUDT) rewrites to ST_GeomFromBox2D") {
+      val df =
+        sparkSession.sql("SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS b")
+      val wkt = df
+        .select(col("b").cast(GeometryUDT()).alias("g"))
+        .selectExpr("ST_AsText(g) AS wkt")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 4, 2 4, 2 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("DataFrame round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
+      import sparkSession.implicits._
+      val df = Seq("LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)").toDF("wkt")
+      val wkt = df
+        .select(expr("ST_GeomFromText(wkt)").alias("g"))
+        .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).cast(GeometryUDT()).alias("env"))
+        .selectExpr("ST_AsText(env) AS wkt")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 5 10, 5 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("DataFrame .cast(Box2DUDT) on NULL geometry returns null") {
+      val box = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS g")
+        .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).alias("b"))
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == null)
+    }
+
+    it("SQL CAST(geom AS box2d) returns the planar bbox") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
+      val box = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)') AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == new Box2D(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 20.0))
+    }
+
+    it("SQL CAST(box AS geometry) returns the rectangular polygon") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS geometry)` syntax")
+      val wkt = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS geometry)) AS w")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 4, 2 4, 2 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("SQL round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS ...)` between UDTs")
+      val wkt = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)') AS box2d) AS geometry)) AS w")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 5 10, 5 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("SQL CAST(NULL geometry AS box2d) returns null") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
+      val box = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == null)
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala b/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
index 4abaf7fa664..c54134abc42 100644
--- a/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
@@ -21,60 +21,108 @@ package org.apache.sedona.sql
 import org.apache.sedona.common.geometryObjects.Box2D
 import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.{col, expr}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.{Box2DUDT, GeometryUDT}
+
 class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
+  /**
+   * SQL `CAST(... AS box2d)` / `CAST(... AS geometry)` parsing requires Sedona's
+   * `SedonaSqlAstBuilder` to be active. The test base randomizes
+   * `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, so SQL-level CAST tests are gated on
+   * that flag. DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because the resolution rule is
+   * always injected.
+   */
+  private def parserExtensionEnabled: Boolean =
+    sparkSession.conf.get("spark.sedona.enableParserExtension", "true").toBoolean
+
   describe("Geometry ↔ Box2D Catalyst cast") {
 
-    it("SQL CAST(geom AS box2d) returns the planar bbox") {
-      val row = sparkSession
-        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)') AS box2d) AS b")
+    it("DataFrame .cast(Box2DUDT) rewrites to ST_Box2D") {
+      import sparkSession.implicits._
+      val df = Seq("LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)").toDF("wkt")
+      val box = df
+        .select(expr("ST_GeomFromText(wkt)").alias("g"))
+        .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).alias("b"))
         .collect()
         .head
-      val box = row.getAs[Box2D]("b")
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
       assert(box == new Box2D(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 20.0))
     }
 
-    it("SQL CAST(box AS geometry) returns the rectangular polygon") {
-      val wkt = sparkSession
-        .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS geometry)) AS w")
+    it("DataFrame .cast(GeometryUDT) rewrites to ST_GeomFromBox2D") {
+      val df =
+        sparkSession.sql("SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS b")
+      val wkt = df
+        .select(col("b").cast(GeometryUDT()).alias("g"))
+        .selectExpr("ST_AsText(g) AS wkt")
         .collect()
         .head
         .getString(0)
-      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 2 0, 2 4, 0 4, 0 0))")
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 4, 2 4, 2 0, 0 0))")
     }
 
-    it("DataFrame API .cast(Box2DUDT) rewrites to ST_Box2D") {
+    it("DataFrame round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
       import sparkSession.implicits._
-      val df = Seq("POINT (3 7)").toDF("wkt")
-      val out = df
+      val df = Seq("LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)").toDF("wkt")
+      val wkt = df
         .select(expr("ST_GeomFromText(wkt)").alias("g"))
+        .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).cast(GeometryUDT()).alias("env"))
+        .selectExpr("ST_AsText(env) AS wkt")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 5 10, 5 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("DataFrame .cast(Box2DUDT) on NULL geometry returns null") {
+      val box = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS g")
         .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).alias("b"))
         .collect()
-      val box = out.head.getAs[Box2D]("b")
-      assert(box == new Box2D(3.0, 7.0, 3.0, 7.0))
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == null)
     }
 
-    it("DataFrame API .cast(GeometryUDT) rewrites to ST_GeomFromBox2D") {
-      import sparkSession.implicits._
-      val df =
-        sparkSession.sql("SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(1.0, 1.0)) AS b")
-      val out = df
-        .select(col("b").cast(GeometryUDT()).alias("g"))
-        .selectExpr("ST_AsText(g) AS wkt")
+    it("SQL CAST(geom AS box2d) returns the planar bbox") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
+      val box = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)') AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == new Box2D(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 20.0))
+    }
+
+    it("SQL CAST(box AS geometry) returns the rectangular polygon") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS geometry)` syntax")
+      val wkt = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS geometry)) AS w")
         .collect()
-      assert(out.head.getString(0) == "POLYGON ((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 1, 0 0))")
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 4, 2 4, 2 0, 0 0))")
     }
 
-    it("Round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
+    it("SQL round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS ...)` between UDTs")
       val wkt = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)') AS box2d) AS geometry)) AS w")
         .collect()
         .head
         .getString(0)
-      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 5 0, 5 10, 0 10, 0 0))")
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 5 10, 5 0, 0 0))")
     }
 
-    it("CAST(NULL geometry AS box2d) returns null") {
+    it("SQL CAST(NULL geometry AS box2d) returns null") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
       val box = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS box2d) AS b")
         .collect()
diff --git a/spark/spark-4.0/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala b/spark/spark-4.0/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c54134abc42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spark/spark-4.0/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.sedona.sql
+
+import org.apache.sedona.common.geometryObjects.Box2D
+import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.{col, expr}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.{Box2DUDT, GeometryUDT}
+
+class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
+
+  /**
+   * SQL `CAST(... AS box2d)` / `CAST(... AS geometry)` parsing requires Sedona's
+   * `SedonaSqlAstBuilder` to be active. The test base randomizes
+   * `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, so SQL-level CAST tests are gated on
+   * that flag. DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because the resolution rule is
+   * always injected.
+   */
+  private def parserExtensionEnabled: Boolean =
+    sparkSession.conf.get("spark.sedona.enableParserExtension", "true").toBoolean
+
+  describe("Geometry ↔ Box2D Catalyst cast") {
+
+    it("DataFrame .cast(Box2DUDT) rewrites to ST_Box2D") {
+      import sparkSession.implicits._
+      val df = Seq("LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)").toDF("wkt")
+      val box = df
+        .select(expr("ST_GeomFromText(wkt)").alias("g"))
+        .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).alias("b"))
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == new Box2D(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 20.0))
+    }
+
+    it("DataFrame .cast(GeometryUDT) rewrites to ST_GeomFromBox2D") {
+      val df =
+        sparkSession.sql("SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS b")
+      val wkt = df
+        .select(col("b").cast(GeometryUDT()).alias("g"))
+        .selectExpr("ST_AsText(g) AS wkt")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 4, 2 4, 2 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("DataFrame round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
+      import sparkSession.implicits._
+      val df = Seq("LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)").toDF("wkt")
+      val wkt = df
+        .select(expr("ST_GeomFromText(wkt)").alias("g"))
+        .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).cast(GeometryUDT()).alias("env"))
+        .selectExpr("ST_AsText(env) AS wkt")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 5 10, 5 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("DataFrame .cast(Box2DUDT) on NULL geometry returns null") {
+      val box = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS g")
+        .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).alias("b"))
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == null)
+    }
+
+    it("SQL CAST(geom AS box2d) returns the planar bbox") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
+      val box = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)') AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == new Box2D(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 20.0))
+    }
+
+    it("SQL CAST(box AS geometry) returns the rectangular polygon") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS geometry)` syntax")
+      val wkt = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS geometry)) AS w")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 4, 2 4, 2 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("SQL round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS ...)` between UDTs")
+      val wkt = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)') AS box2d) AS geometry)) AS w")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 5 10, 5 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("SQL CAST(NULL geometry AS box2d) returns null") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
+      val box = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == null)
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/spark/spark-4.1/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala b/spark/spark-4.1/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c54134abc42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spark/spark-4.1/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.sedona.sql
+
+import org.apache.sedona.common.geometryObjects.Box2D
+import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.{col, expr}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.sedona_sql.UDT.{Box2DUDT, GeometryUDT}
+
+class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
+
+  /**
+   * SQL `CAST(... AS box2d)` / `CAST(... AS geometry)` parsing requires Sedona's
+   * `SedonaSqlAstBuilder` to be active. The test base randomizes
+   * `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, so SQL-level CAST tests are gated on
+   * that flag. DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because the resolution rule is
+   * always injected.
+   */
+  private def parserExtensionEnabled: Boolean =
+    sparkSession.conf.get("spark.sedona.enableParserExtension", "true").toBoolean
+
+  describe("Geometry ↔ Box2D Catalyst cast") {
+
+    it("DataFrame .cast(Box2DUDT) rewrites to ST_Box2D") {
+      import sparkSession.implicits._
+      val df = Seq("LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)").toDF("wkt")
+      val box = df
+        .select(expr("ST_GeomFromText(wkt)").alias("g"))
+        .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).alias("b"))
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == new Box2D(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 20.0))
+    }
+
+    it("DataFrame .cast(GeometryUDT) rewrites to ST_GeomFromBox2D") {
+      val df =
+        sparkSession.sql("SELECT ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS b")
+      val wkt = df
+        .select(col("b").cast(GeometryUDT()).alias("g"))
+        .selectExpr("ST_AsText(g) AS wkt")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 4, 2 4, 2 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("DataFrame round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
+      import sparkSession.implicits._
+      val df = Seq("LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)").toDF("wkt")
+      val wkt = df
+        .select(expr("ST_GeomFromText(wkt)").alias("g"))
+        .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).cast(GeometryUDT()).alias("env"))
+        .selectExpr("ST_AsText(env) AS wkt")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 5 10, 5 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("DataFrame .cast(Box2DUDT) on NULL geometry returns null") {
+      val box = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS g")
+        .select(col("g").cast(Box2DUDT).alias("b"))
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == null)
+    }
+
+    it("SQL CAST(geom AS box2d) returns the planar bbox") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
+      val box = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)') AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == new Box2D(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 20.0))
+    }
+
+    it("SQL CAST(box AS geometry) returns the rectangular polygon") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS geometry)` syntax")
+      val wkt = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS geometry)) AS w")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 4, 2 4, 2 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("SQL round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS ...)` between UDTs")
+      val wkt = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)') AS box2d) AS geometry)) AS w")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getString(0)
+      assert(wkt == "POLYGON ((0 0, 0 10, 5 10, 5 0, 0 0))")
+    }
+
+    it("SQL CAST(NULL geometry AS box2d) returns null") {
+      assume(
+        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
+      val box = sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+        .head
+        .getAs[Box2D]("b")
+      assert(box == null)
+    }
+  }
+}

From 27bf2812f1885065546f1faa7e82a1a8b99c5d38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jia Yu <jiayu@apache.org>
Date: Wed, 13 May 2026 15:28:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 4/4] Probe parser support directly when gating SQL CAST tests

The previous gate read `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` from
`sparkSession.conf`, but `SparkContext` is JVM-singleton, so the
session-level config in this suite can differ from the value
`SedonaSqlExtensions` actually saw when it decided whether to inject
`SedonaSqlAstBuilder`. CI repeatedly hit a mismatch where the assume
returned true while the active parser was Spark's stock one, causing
the SQL CAST tests to fail with ParseException.

Switch to a behavioral probe: try to parse a tiny `CAST(... AS box2d)`
SELECT once and cache the outcome. This matches what the SQL tests
actually depend on regardless of which config layer holds the truth.
DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests remain unconditional.

Verified locally for spark-3.4 / 3.5 across both parser states
(succeeded 8, canceled 0) and (succeeded 4, canceled 4).
---
 .../apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala    | 28 +++++++++++++------
 .../apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala    | 28 +++++++++++++------
 .../apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala    | 28 +++++++++++++------
 .../apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala    | 28 +++++++++++++------
 4 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/spark/spark-3.4/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala b/spark/spark-3.4/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
index c54134abc42..d9a62dabbe5 100644
--- a/spark/spark-3.4/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-3.4/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
@@ -27,12 +27,22 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
   /**
    * SQL `CAST(... AS box2d)` / `CAST(... AS geometry)` parsing requires Sedona's
    * `SedonaSqlAstBuilder` to be active. The test base randomizes
-   * `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, so SQL-level CAST tests are gated on
-   * that flag. DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because the resolution rule is
-   * always injected.
+   * `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, and `SparkContext` is JVM-singleton so
+   * the active value can differ from this suite's session-level config. Probe directly by parsing
+   * a tiny CAST: this matches the behavior the SQL tests actually depend on, and caches the
+   * answer for the rest of the suite. DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because
+   * the resolution rule is always injected.
    */
-  private def parserExtensionEnabled: Boolean =
-    sparkSession.conf.get("spark.sedona.enableParserExtension", "true").toBoolean
+  private lazy val sqlCastSupported: Boolean = {
+    try {
+      sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('POINT (0 0)') AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+      true
+    } catch {
+      case _: org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser.ParseException => false
+    }
+  }
 
   describe("Geometry ↔ Box2D Catalyst cast") {
 
@@ -85,7 +95,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(geom AS box2d) returns the planar bbox") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
       val box = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)') AS box2d) AS b")
@@ -97,7 +107,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(box AS geometry) returns the rectangular polygon") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS geometry)` syntax")
       val wkt = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS geometry)) AS w")
@@ -109,7 +119,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS ...)` between UDTs")
       val wkt = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)') AS box2d) AS geometry)) AS w")
@@ -121,7 +131,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(NULL geometry AS box2d) returns null") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
       val box = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS box2d) AS b")
diff --git a/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala b/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
index c54134abc42..d9a62dabbe5 100644
--- a/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-3.5/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
@@ -27,12 +27,22 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
   /**
    * SQL `CAST(... AS box2d)` / `CAST(... AS geometry)` parsing requires Sedona's
    * `SedonaSqlAstBuilder` to be active. The test base randomizes
-   * `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, so SQL-level CAST tests are gated on
-   * that flag. DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because the resolution rule is
-   * always injected.
+   * `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, and `SparkContext` is JVM-singleton so
+   * the active value can differ from this suite's session-level config. Probe directly by parsing
+   * a tiny CAST: this matches the behavior the SQL tests actually depend on, and caches the
+   * answer for the rest of the suite. DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because
+   * the resolution rule is always injected.
    */
-  private def parserExtensionEnabled: Boolean =
-    sparkSession.conf.get("spark.sedona.enableParserExtension", "true").toBoolean
+  private lazy val sqlCastSupported: Boolean = {
+    try {
+      sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('POINT (0 0)') AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+      true
+    } catch {
+      case _: org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser.ParseException => false
+    }
+  }
 
   describe("Geometry ↔ Box2D Catalyst cast") {
 
@@ -85,7 +95,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(geom AS box2d) returns the planar bbox") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
       val box = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)') AS box2d) AS b")
@@ -97,7 +107,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(box AS geometry) returns the rectangular polygon") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS geometry)` syntax")
       val wkt = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS geometry)) AS w")
@@ -109,7 +119,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS ...)` between UDTs")
       val wkt = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)') AS box2d) AS geometry)) AS w")
@@ -121,7 +131,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(NULL geometry AS box2d) returns null") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
       val box = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS box2d) AS b")
diff --git a/spark/spark-4.0/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala b/spark/spark-4.0/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
index c54134abc42..d9a62dabbe5 100644
--- a/spark/spark-4.0/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-4.0/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
@@ -27,12 +27,22 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
   /**
    * SQL `CAST(... AS box2d)` / `CAST(... AS geometry)` parsing requires Sedona's
    * `SedonaSqlAstBuilder` to be active. The test base randomizes
-   * `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, so SQL-level CAST tests are gated on
-   * that flag. DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because the resolution rule is
-   * always injected.
+   * `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, and `SparkContext` is JVM-singleton so
+   * the active value can differ from this suite's session-level config. Probe directly by parsing
+   * a tiny CAST: this matches the behavior the SQL tests actually depend on, and caches the
+   * answer for the rest of the suite. DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because
+   * the resolution rule is always injected.
    */
-  private def parserExtensionEnabled: Boolean =
-    sparkSession.conf.get("spark.sedona.enableParserExtension", "true").toBoolean
+  private lazy val sqlCastSupported: Boolean = {
+    try {
+      sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('POINT (0 0)') AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+      true
+    } catch {
+      case _: org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser.ParseException => false
+    }
+  }
 
   describe("Geometry ↔ Box2D Catalyst cast") {
 
@@ -85,7 +95,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(geom AS box2d) returns the planar bbox") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
       val box = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)') AS box2d) AS b")
@@ -97,7 +107,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(box AS geometry) returns the rectangular polygon") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS geometry)` syntax")
       val wkt = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS geometry)) AS w")
@@ -109,7 +119,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS ...)` between UDTs")
       val wkt = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)') AS box2d) AS geometry)) AS w")
@@ -121,7 +131,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(NULL geometry AS box2d) returns null") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
       val box = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS box2d) AS b")
diff --git a/spark/spark-4.1/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala b/spark/spark-4.1/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
index c54134abc42..d9a62dabbe5 100644
--- a/spark/spark-4.1/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
+++ b/spark/spark-4.1/src/test/scala/org/apache/sedona/sql/Box2DCastSuite.scala
@@ -27,12 +27,22 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
   /**
    * SQL `CAST(... AS box2d)` / `CAST(... AS geometry)` parsing requires Sedona's
    * `SedonaSqlAstBuilder` to be active. The test base randomizes
-   * `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, so SQL-level CAST tests are gated on
-   * that flag. DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because the resolution rule is
-   * always injected.
+   * `spark.sedona.enableParserExtension` across CI runs, and `SparkContext` is JVM-singleton so
+   * the active value can differ from this suite's session-level config. Probe directly by parsing
+   * a tiny CAST: this matches the behavior the SQL tests actually depend on, and caches the
+   * answer for the rest of the suite. DataFrame `.cast(...)` tests run unconditionally because
+   * the resolution rule is always injected.
    */
-  private def parserExtensionEnabled: Boolean =
-    sparkSession.conf.get("spark.sedona.enableParserExtension", "true").toBoolean
+  private lazy val sqlCastSupported: Boolean = {
+    try {
+      sparkSession
+        .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('POINT (0 0)') AS box2d) AS b")
+        .collect()
+      true
+    } catch {
+      case _: org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser.ParseException => false
+    }
+  }
 
   describe("Geometry ↔ Box2D Catalyst cast") {
 
@@ -85,7 +95,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(geom AS box2d) returns the planar bbox") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
       val box = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 10 20)') AS box2d) AS b")
@@ -97,7 +107,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(box AS geometry) returns the rectangular polygon") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS geometry)` syntax")
       val wkt = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(0.0, 0.0), ST_Point(2.0, 4.0)) AS geometry)) AS w")
@@ -109,7 +119,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL round-trip Geometry → Box2D → Geometry yields the envelope polygon") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS ...)` between UDTs")
       val wkt = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT ST_AsText(CAST(CAST(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING (0 0, 5 10)') AS box2d) AS geometry)) AS w")
@@ -121,7 +131,7 @@ class Box2DCastSuite extends TestBaseScala {
 
     it("SQL CAST(NULL geometry AS box2d) returns null") {
       assume(
-        parserExtensionEnabled,
+        sqlCastSupported,
         "Sedona SQL parser extension is required for `CAST(... AS box2d)` syntax")
       val box = sparkSession
         .sql("SELECT CAST(ST_GeomFromText(NULL) AS box2d) AS b")