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+# CODEOWNERS — see GOVERNANCE.md.
+#
+# Initial owners derived from current commit and PR activity. This list is
+# intentionally coarse for now; per-area owners can be added as the project
+# grows and contributors take on sustained responsibility for specific
+# subsystems.
+
+*  @BenTheElder @rakyll @thockin
diff --git a/GOVERNANCE.md b/GOVERNANCE.md
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+# Governance
+
+> **Status: Draft — under review and discussion.** This document is a proposal and has not yet been ratified by the Substrate maintainers. Feedback welcome via PR review or on the `ate-dev@groups.google.com` mailing list.
+
+Substrate is an Apache-2.0 open-source project. This document describes how decisions get made and how contributors can take on more responsibility over time.
+
+For day-to-day collaboration norms (PR workflow, communication, AI-tool disclosure), see [COLLABORATING.md](COLLABORATING.md). For build and contribution instructions, see [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md). For community conduct, see [code-of-conduct.md](code-of-conduct.md).
+
+## Roles
+
+**Contributors** — anyone who opens issues, PRs, or joins discussions. Must follow the Code of Conduct and sign the [Google Contributor License Agreement](https://cla.developers.google.com/about) before their first contribution is merged (see [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md)).
+
+**Reviewers** — contributors with sustained, high-quality work in a specific area. They review PRs, triage issues, and mentor newcomers. Nominated by a Reviewer or Maintainer; confirmed by majority of Maintainers.
+
+**Maintainers** — Reviewers with broad responsibility for project health. They approve and merge PRs, make architectural decisions, manage releases, and represent the project externally. Nominated by an existing Maintainer; confirmed by a 2/3 supermajority of Maintainers.
+
+The current list of Maintainers and per-area Reviewers lives in the [`CODEOWNERS`](.github/CODEOWNERS) file.
+
+## Decisions
+
+- **Code changes.** Every PR needs at least one Maintainer approval and green CI before merge. Authors do not merge their own PRs.
+- **Design changes.** File a GitHub issue or discussion describing the proposal and tag relevant Maintainers. Allow at least one week for feedback. Significant changes require majority Maintainer support.
+- **Disputes.** Try to resolve on the PR or issue first. If that fails, any participant can ask the Maintainers to decide; Maintainers resolve by majority vote.
+- **Code-of-Conduct issues.** Reported and handled per [code-of-conduct.md](code-of-conduct.md).
+
+## Activity
+
+Roles require ongoing participation. Reviewers and Maintainers inactive for six months may have their status reviewed, with allowances for known absences (e.g., sabbatical, parental leave).
+
+## Changing this document
+
+Open a PR. Allow at least one week for discussion. Requires a 2/3 supermajority of Maintainers to merge.