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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" style="cursor: default;">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
<title>Motivation</title>
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/jpg" href="lib/favicon.png" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="lib/index.css"/>
<script src="lib/Motivation.js"></script>
<script src= "lib/Config.js"></script>
<script src= "lib/Random.js"></script>
<script src= "lib/Lib.js"></script>
<script src= "lib/KB.js"></script>
<script src= "lib/SlideShow.js"></script>
<script src= "lib/Article.js"></script>
<script src= "lib/Lessons.js"></script>
<script src="Projects/Projects.js" ></script>
<script src="Projects/GenericWords.js"></script>
</head>
<body onkeydown="ProcessKB(); return true;" onkeyup="ProcessKB(); return true;">
<div id="LoadingPage" class="Panel" style="display: block;" >
<h1>One moment...</h1>
</div>
<div id="WordPanel" class="Panel">
</div>
<div id="ImagePanel" class="Panel">
</div>
<div id="ArticlePanel" class="Panel">
<div id="ArticleText">
</div>
</div>
<div id="ArticleList" style="display: none;">
<!-- Configuration ################################################################################################# -->
<article id="EnableCookies">
<h2>Cookie required</h2>
<p>The course uses cookies to track your progress.</p>
<p>Add this URL to your browser's cookie "allowed sites" settings, then reload.</p>
<br> <br>
<input class="CookieURL CenterText" value="$COOKIEURL" maxlength="80">
<h2> </h2>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Reload" onclick="location.reload();">Reload ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="Contents">
<h2>Welcome to Motivation!</h2>
<p>If this is your first time, you probably want "overview".</p>
<div class="TOC">
<a class="TOCLink" title="Overview" onclick="NavID('Overview')" >Overview › </a><br>
<a class="TOCLink" title="Configure and run" onclick="RunConfig()" >Configure and run ›</a><br>
<a class="TOCLink" title="Today's lesson" onclick="ShowLesson()" >Today's lesson › </a><br>
<a class="TOCLink" title="Lesson calendar" onclick="NavID('Calendar')" >Lesson calendar › </a><br>
<a class="TOCLink" title="Set lesson day" onclick="SetLessonDay()" >Set lesson day › </a><br>
<a class="TOCLink" title="Appendix" onclick="CallNotes('Contents')" >Appendix › </a><br>
</div>
</article>
<article id="AskConfig">
<h2>Configure a new project</h2>
<h2> </h2>
<p class="CenterText">Erase the existing project configuration and start a new one?</p>
<p></p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Erase" onclick="NavID('CON00')">Erase ›</a></p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Cancel" onclick="NavID('Contents')">Cancel ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="CON00">
<h2>Step 1: Choose a project</h2>
<p>Think about your projects and select one for this course.</p>
<p>Choose one that would be <em>enjoyable</em>,
not one that would be valuable.</p>
<p>
Imagine yourself working each
of your projects, and choose the one that you think would bring the
most pleasure while working.</p>
<p>Take some time and choose carefully. A good choice will bring
the maximum effect.</p>
<h2> </h2>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('CON01')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="CON01" class="CatList">
<h2>Step 2: Name your project</h2>
<p>Enter a name for your project.</p>
<p>
You don't need a formal name, just a word or two that you would recognize,
something that would bring your project to mind if you read it.</p>
<p>Complete the phrase below with your project name.</p>
<p class="CenterDiv">
My <input id="ProjectName" class="TextEnter"> project.</p>
<p id="CON01o"><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="HideUnHide('CON01o','CON01a')" >Continue ›</a></p>
<div id="CON01a" class="Hidden">
<p>Choose the category that best describes your project:</p>
<div class="CenterDiv WidCon">
<select id="SelectCat" class="TextEnter" required name="Category">
<option disabled selected value=""> -- choose -- </option>
$CATLIST
</select>
</div>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavCON('CON02')">Continue ›</a></p>
</div>
</article>
<article id="CON02">
<h2>Step 3: Enter your name</h2>
<p>Enter your first name in the box below.</p>
<p>
You'll get a stronger effect if you use your real name - something that you would
recognize if called out to you. You won't need to enter your last name,
or any contact information, and the information is only stored locally.</p>
<p>Capitalize it the way you'd like to see it.</p>
<input id="MyName" class="TextEnter Wid20">
<h2> </h2>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="EndConfig()">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="Configured">
<h2>Configuration complete</h2>
<p>For the next 30 days, open and view this web page each morning as
soon as possible after waking.</p>
<p>
If you always open a browser as part of your daily routine, you can open this
page in a tab and set the browser to restore tabs on restart. Each time you
open the browser, the program will be available, and you can view it once each day.</p>
<p>
Alternately, you can have your computer load the web page in the broswer when
you first log on, using the "xdg-open" command (linux) or "start" command
(windows). Cut/Paste the following into your system startup applications:</p>
<code class="Bold CenterDiv">
# Linux<br>
> xdg-open $HOME/Motivation/index.html<br>
<br>
# Windows<br>
> start %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%/Motivation/index.html<br>
</code>
<p>(If the project is in a different directory, change the command paths as needed.)</p>
<p>From now on opening this web page will run the program "motivation".</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Reload" onclick="location.reload();">Reload now ›</a></p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="WaitDay()">Wait until tomorrow ›</a></p>
</article>
<script><!--
//
// Grab the entries before they vanish at the next article
//
function NavCON(NextID) {
Config.ProjName = GetID("ProjectName").value;
Config.Category = GetID( "SelectCat").value;
NavID(NextID);
}
--></script>
<!-- Overview ###################################################################################################### -->
<article id="Overview">
<h2>Overview</h2>
<p>
Many people have difficulty bringing their projects to completion.
They get excited at first, but the passion soon fades and the
project languishes for lack of time.</p>
<p>
Then you get a new idea that seems wonderful and exciting, but in a little
while this new excitement also fades, and now you have two projects
languishing for lack of time.</p>
<p>Rinse, and repeat.</p>
<p>
Over time, many people amass multiple, sometimes dozens, of projects
that they recognize as valuable, and would "really like to get back to", but
never seem to have the time or motivation to do so.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('Overview1')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="Overview1">
<h2> </h2>
<p>
This program uses psychological methods to increase your motivation for completing projects.
Run it once a day for 30 days, and you should see an improvement in project motivation.</p>
<p>
Each run consists of a one-minute slideshow of words and images that bring your project to mind,
plus a short lesson on some aspect of motivation.</p>
<p>
The slideshow gets your mind thinking about the project, and the lessons help you make
small changes to your behavior and attitude that should boost your project motivation.</p>
<p>
The techniques are documented and backed by scientific studies, no tricks or subliminal
messaging is used. The techniques are described in the "Methods" link on the main page.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('Overview2')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="Overview2">
<h2> </h2>
<p class="HWord">Q: Does this work?<br> <br>
A: No one knows.</p>
<p>
The premise of this program is that extrinsic goals have replaced your intrinsic motives,
and your intrinsic motives have faded. That this happens is well established in the literature.</p>
<p>
What isn't known, because it hasn't been studied, is whether this situation
can be reversed. Hence this program.</p>
<p>It's 5 minutes of your time each morning for 30 days.</p>
<p>Try it, it's experimental, and if it doesn't work
you're no worse off than you were at the start.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Done" onclick="NavID('Contents')">Done ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="Calendar">
<h2>Lesson Calendar</h2>
<br>
$CALENDAR
<p><a class="Cont" title="Back" onclick="NavID('Contents')">Back ›</a></p>
</article>
<!-- Slideshow ##################################################################################################### -->
<article id="SSDay1">
<h2>Welcome to motivation!</h2>
<h3 class="DayBanner">Day $DAY of $MAXDAY</h3>
<p>This is your first day.</p>
<p>
It starts with a slideshow, where words and images appear on the
screen. This takes about a minute, and uses
<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming_(psychology)">priming</a>
to get you to think about your project.</p>
<p>
During the slideshow, one of the words will stand out: it might be in
color, or a different position, or upside down, or outlined, or shaking... something
will be different and it will be easy to spot.</p>
<p>
After the slide show you will be asked to identify the standout word. If you didn't notice
which word was emphasized you'll have to rewatch the slideshow.</p>
<h2> </h2>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('SSDay1a')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="SSDay1a">
<h3 class="DayBanner">Day $DAY of $MAXDAY</h3>
<h2> </h2>
<p>
Once you've identified the standout word, you'll be shown the lesson
text and maybe asked to do a small task.</p>
<p>
The lessons are short (less then 5 min), the tasks are simple,
and not all days have lessons, so the course shouldn't take much of your time.</p>
<p>In fact, this first day doesn't have a lesson. Lessons start on day two.</p>
<p>
At the end of the course, after 30 days of running this program, you should have better
motivation to finish your project.</p>
<h2> </h2>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('SSDay1b')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="SSDay1b">
<h3 class="DayBanner">Day $DAY of $MAXDAY</h3>
<h2> </h2>
<p>One last thing: Occasionally, more than one word will stand out.</p>
<p>Watch out for that.</p>
<p>When you re ready, click the start button.</p>
<h2> </h2>
<span class="BeginSpan"><button class="SlideshowBegin" onclick="BeginSlideshow()">Start</button></span>
</article>
<article id="SS2ndView">
<h3 class="DayBanner">Day $DAY of $MAXDAY</h3>
<p>Running the course multiple times per day will give a stronger effect</p>
<p class="CenterText">...but don't overdo it.</p>
<p>
Three times a day is good, but more than five is
probably too much.</p>
<p>Also, it's better to let some time elapse between runs. Running
the program once in the morning, afternoon, and night will be better than running
it three times in the morning.</p>
<p>Your brain needs to process and integrate the information, which usually happens during sleep.</p>
<h2> </h2>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('SSToday')">I understand. Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="SSToday">
<h3 class="DayBanner">Day $DAY of $MAXDAY</h3>
<h2>Slideshow ($CATEGORY)</h2>
<p>Watch the words and images as they appear on your screen.</p>
<p>See if you can find the standout word.</p>
<p>Occasionaly, more than one word will stand out...</p>
<h2> </h2>
<span class="BeginSpan"><button class="SlideshowBegin" onclick="BeginSlideshow()">Start</button></span>
</article>
<article id="SSInterrupt">
<h2>Interrupted.</h2>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Restart" onclick="RunSlideshow(Config.Category)">Restart ›</a></p><br />
<p><a class="Cont" title="Skip today" onclick="WaitDay()" >Skip ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="SSWords">
<h2> </h2>
<p>Which word stood out?</p>
<div class="CenterDiv">
<input type="radio" id="HWord1" name="$HWORD1" value="$HWORD1" onclick="CheckSSWords('$HWORD1',1)">
<label for="HWord1"><span class="HWord">$HWORD1</span></label><br>
<input type="radio" id="HWord2" name="$HWORD2" value="$HWORD2" onclick="CheckSSWords('$HWORD2',1)">
<label for="HWord2"><span class="HWord">$HWORD2</span></label><br>
<input type="radio" id="HWord3" name="$HWORD3" value="$HWORD3" onclick="CheckSSWords('$HWORD3',1)">
<label for="HWord3"><span class="HWord">$HWORD3</span></label><br>
<input type="radio" id="HWord4" name="$HWORD4" value="$HWORD4" onclick="CheckSSWords('$HWORD4',1)">
<label for="HWord4"><span class="HWord">$HWORD4</span></label><br>
</div>
<div id="SSWord2" class="Hidden">
<p>Which other word stood out?</p>
<div class="CenterDiv WidCon">
<input type="radio" id="HWord5" name="$HWORD5" value="$HWORD5" onclick="CheckSSWords('$HWORD5',0)">
<label for="HWord5"><span class="HWord">$HWORD5</span></label><br>
<input type="radio" id="HWord6" name="$HWORD6" value="$HWORD6" onclick="CheckSSWords('$HWORD6',0)">
<label for="HWord6"><span class="HWord">$HWORD6</span></label><br>
<input type="radio" id="HWord7" name="$HWORD7" value="$HWORD7" onclick="CheckSSWords('$HWORD7',0)">
<label for="HWord7"><span class="HWord">$HWORD7</span></label><br>
<input type="radio" id="HWord8" name="$HWORD8" value="$HWORD8" onclick="CheckSSWords('$HWORD8',0)">
<label for="HWord8"><span class="HWord">$HWORD8</span></label><br>
</div>
</div>
<div id="SSWordWrong" class="Hidden">
<h2> </h2>
<p>That's not right.</p>
<p>Would you like to try again?</p>
<h2> </h2>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="RunSlideshow(Config.Category)">Yes, try again ›</a><br></p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="WaitDay()" >No, I don't have time right now ›</a></p>
</div>
<div id="SSWordDone" class="Hidden">
<h2> </h2>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="RunLesson()">Continue ›</a></p>
</div>
</article>
<article id="SSNums">
<p>During the slideshow, how many words stood out?
</p>
<div class="CenterDiv" style="margin-left: auto;">
<input type="radio" id="NWord1" name="$NWORD1" value="$NWORD1" onclick="UnHide('SSNumA')">
<label for="NWord1"><span class="HWord Wid9">1</span></label><br>
<input type="radio" id="NWord2" name="$NWORD2" value="$NWORD2" onclick="UnHide('SSNumA')">
<label for="NWord2"><span class="HWord Wid9">2</span></label><br>
<input type="radio" id="NWord3" name="$NWORD3" value="$NWORD3" onclick="UnHide('SSNumB')">
<label for="NWord3"><span class="HWord Wid9">3</span></label><br>
<input type="radio" id="NWord4" name="$NWORD4" value="$NWORD4" onclick="UnHide('SSNumA')">
<label for="NWord4"><span class="HWord Wid9">4</span></label><br>
</div>
<div id="SSNumA" class="Hidden">
<h2> </h2>
<p>That's not right.</p>
<p>Would you like to try again?</p>
<h2> </h2>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="RunSlideshow(Config.Category)">Yes, try again ›</a><br></p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="WaitDay()" >No, I don't have time right now ›</a></p>
</div>
<div id="SSNumB" class="Hidden">
<h2> </h2>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="RunLesson()">Continue ›</a></p>
</div>
</article>
<!-- Lesson management ############################################################################################# -->
<article id="AskLesson">
<h2>Motivation!</h2>
<h3 class="DayBanner">Day $DAY of $MAXDAY</h3>
<h2> </h2>
<p>Do you have time for today's lesson?</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="ShowLesson()" >Yes, show today's lesson ›</a></p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('WaitLesson')" >No, I don't have time right now ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="NoLesson1">
<h2>Motivation!</h2>
<h3 class="DayBanner">Day $DAY of $MAXDAY</h3>
<h2> </h2>
<p>Lessons begin on day 2.</p>
<p>Enjoy the rest of your day, and remember to think about your project!</p>
</article>
<article id="NoLesson">
<h2>Motivation!</h2>
<h3 class="DayBanner">Day $DAY of $MAXDAY</h3>
<h2> </h2>
<p>There is no lesson text today.</p>
<p>Until next time.</p>
</article>
<article id="LessonDone">
<h2>Motivation!</h2>
<h3 class="DayBanner">Day $DAY of $MAXDAY</h3>
<h2> </h2>
<p>This completes today's lesson.</p>
<p>Until next time.</p>
</article>
<article id="WaitDay">
<h2>Motivation!</h2>
<h3 class="DayBanner">Day $DAY of $MAXDAY</h3>
<h2> </h2>
<p>This program will wait at day $DAY of $MAXDAY until completed.</p>
<p>Until next time.</p>
</article>
<article id="WaitLesson">
<h2>Motivation!</h2>
<h3 class="DayBanner">Day $DAY of $MAXDAY</h3>
<h2> </h2>
<p>This program will wait at day $DAY of $MAXDAY until you have completed the lesson.</p>
<p>Until next time.</p>
</article>
<article id="WaitHW">
<h2>Motivation!</h2>
<h3 class="DayBanner">Day $DAY of $MAXDAY</h3>
<h2> </h2>
<p>This program will wait at day $DAY of $MAXDAY until you have completed the homework.</p>
<p>Until next time.</p>
</article>
<article id="DayDone">
<h2>Motivation complete!</h2>
<h2> </h2>
<p>Congratulations! You have completed the course "Motivation".</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Restart" onclick="ResetLesson()" >Restart using same project ›</a></p><br />
<p><a class="Cont" title="Abort" onclick="NavID('CON00')">Configure new project ›</a></p>
</article>
<!-- Two types of motivation ####################################################################################### -->
<article id="TWA00">
<h2>Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation</h2>
<p>
<b>Extrinsic</b> motivations are what you get for completing a project, such as money, fame, encouragement,
likes, subscribers, or avoiding punishment. They are the rewards you get in exchange for being done.</p>
<p>
<b>Intrinsic</b> motivations come from the project itself, and there are four types:</p>
<ul>
<li><span class="ListHeader Wid9">Autonomy</span> - You decide what to do</li>
<li><span class="ListHeader Wid9">Growth</span> - You learn something new, or practice something you re rusty at</li>
<li><span class="ListHeader Wid9">Excellence</span> - You do a good job</li>
<li><span class="ListHeader Wid9">Usefulness</span> - The project is valuable to you, your family, or the community</li>
</ul>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWA01')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWA01">
<p> </p>
<p>
<b>Extrinsic</b> motivations work well for <em>routine, repetitive</em> tasks - things you can do automatically,
without a lot of thought or planning.<br> <br>
For example, a dealership auto mechanic spends his day diagnosing
and fixing one brand of cars. The procedures are well known, require little thought or
choice, and the paycheck is his extrinsic reward.</p>
<p><b>Intrinsic</b> motivations work well for <em>creative</em> tasks.<br> <br>
If that same mechanic works at home on a project race car, he has
intrinsic motivations:</p>
<ul class="NoSpc">
<li>He chooses what to do, and how to do it.</li>
<li>He learns about a different class of vehicle</li>
<li>He does a good job, and the car looks good</li>
<li>He wants to start racing</li>
</ul>
<p>While working on his a project car, the mechanic gains a deep sense of satisfaction.<br> <br>
He enjoys the process.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWA02')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWA02">
<h2>Homework:</h2>
<p>
Before the next course day, when you get a moment, think about your project and choose the
intrinsic motivation your project is weakest on.</p>
<p>
Don't spend a lot of time on this, just think about the question when you have spare moments.
Have your choice ready for the next lesson.</p>
<p>For reference, the intrinsic motivations are:</p>
<ul>
<li><span class="ListHeader Wid9">Autonomy</span> - You make the decisions</li>
<li><span class="ListHeader Wid9">Growth</span> - You learn something new, or practice something you're rusty at</li>
<li><span class="ListHeader Wid9">Excellence</span> - You do a good job</li>
<li><span class="ListHeader Wid9">Usefulness</span> - The project is valuable to you, your family, or the community</li>
</ul>
<br> <br>
<p><b>Extra credit:</b> Is there a simple way to strengthen the weak motivation?</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Done" onclick="LessonDone()">Done</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWB00">
<h2>Homework turn-in</h2>
<p>Last time you were asked to choose your project's weakest motivation.</p>
<div id="TWB00a">
<p>Have you completed this task?</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="No" onclick="HideUnHide('TWB00a','TWB00b');">Yes, I did ›</a></p><br />
<p><a class="Cont" title="Yes" onclick="WaitHW()">No, I didn't have time ›</a></p>
</div>
<div id="TWB00b" class="Hidden">
<p>Which motivation is your weakest?</p>
<input type="radio" id="Autonomy" name="WeakestMotivation" value="Autonomy" onclick="UnHide('TWB00c');">
<label for="Autonomy"><span class="ListHeader Wid9">
Autonomy</span> - You make the decisions</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="Growth" name="WeakestMotivation" value="Growth" onclick="UnHide('TWB00c');">
<label for="Growth"><span class="ListHeader Wid9">
Growth</span> - You learn something new, or practice something you're rusty at</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="Excellence" name="WeakestMotivation" value="Excellence" onclick="UnHide('TWB00c');">
<label for="Autonomy"><span class="ListHeader Wid9">
Excellence</span> - You do a good job</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="Usefulness" name="WeakestMotivation" value="Usefulness" onclick="UnHide('TWB00c');">
<label for="Autonomy"><span class="ListHeader Wid9">
Usefulness</span> - The project is valuable to you, your family, or the community</label><br>
</div>
<div id="TWB00c" class="Hidden">
<p>
Describe how you could strengthen this. Nothing detailed, just a word or two that would remind you later on.</p>
<p>If you don't know a way, just leave this field blank.</p>
<input class="TextEnter Wid70" maxlength="70">
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWB01')">Continue ›</a></p>
</div>
</article>
<article id="TWB01">
<h2>Homework complete.</h2>
<p>You don't have to strengthen your weakest motivation, but you can if you want.</p>
<p>
Different projects have different proportions of the intrinsic motivations. Whether to add
motivation is up to you.</p>
<p>The important part is knowing the difference between <b>Extrinsic</b> and <b>Intrinsic</b>
motivations, and to think about about your project in these terms.</p>
<p>The next few lessons will expand on this.</p>
<p><b>Extrinsic</b> motivations are any reward for completion, such as money, fame, or likes.</p>
<p class="ListTitle"><b>Intrinsic</b> motivations are:</p>
<ul>
<li><span class="ListHeader Wid9">Autonomy</span> - You decide what to do</li>
<li><span class="ListHeader Wid9">Growth</span> - You learn something new, or practice something you're rusty at</li>
<li><span class="ListHeader Wid9">Excellence</span> - You do a good job</li>
<li><span class="ListHeader Wid9">Usefulness</span> - The project is valuable to you, your family, or the community</li>
</ul>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="LessonDone()">Done ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWC00">
<h2>Decreasing motivation</h2>
<p>Extrinsic motivations will decrease the intrinsic motivations.</p>
<p>
In <a href="http://web.mit.edu/curhan/www/docs/Articles/15341_Readings/Motivation/Lepper_et_al_Undermining_Childrens_Intrinsic_Interest.pdf">
one study</a>, nursery school students were given markers and encouraged to draw pictures
during their free play time, an activity for which they had high intrinsic interest.</p>
<p>
Several weeks later, students in one group were given a “good player”
award with a ribbon and gold star for drawing, while students in the control group were simply
encouraged to draw for fun.
Several weeks after that, both groups were monitored when the markers were brought out
during playtime.</p>
<p>
Surprisingly, children given an extrinsic reward showed far less interest in drawing
than the children who were not offered the reward.</p>
<p>Something about the reward reduced the children’s desire to draw.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWC01')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWC01">
<h2> </h2>
<p>
In <a href="https://cdn.inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net/c41853d6-99bf-4360-aaee-9a9767ca9645/intrinsic%20motivation.pdf?token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzUxMiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCIsImtpZCI6ImNkbiJ9.eyJyZXNvdXJjZSI6Ii9jNDE4NTNkNi05OWJmLTQzNjAtYWFlZS05YTk3NjdjYTk2NDUvaW50cmluc2ljJTIwbW90aXZhdGlvbi5wZGYiLCJ0ZW5hbnQiOiJjYW52YXMiLCJ1c2VyX2lkIjpudWxsLCJpYXQiOjE2MzMzNjU2MDEsImV4cCI6MTYzMzQ1MjAwMX0.ZagEzc3EPiWX0N-1Yt2W6V6240SyfUWtNamKD_esMhuii4Xlei2bEtvjT4OXYAe_qM-CPD3SdH9siN56NwX7gQ&download=1&content_type=application%2Fpdf">
another study</a>, two groups of college students were asked to perform
activities that they already found interesting: solving puzzles and writing newspaper headlines.</p>
<p>In the first phase of the study, both groups performed the activity with no rewards.</p>
<p>In the second phase, one group was paid for the activity, while the second group acted as a control.</p>
<p>In the third phase, both groups once again performed the activity with no rewards.</p>
<p>
Students who were paid during the second phase were less likely to continue the
activities in the third phase. Students who were not paid were more likely to continue.</p>
<p>
Both groups started out equally interested, but the extrinsic reward reduced the motivation
for one group.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWC02')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWC02">
<h2>The Overjustification Effect</h2>
<p>
This is called the
<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overjustification_effect">
overjustification effect</a>.</p>
<p>
Essentially, your mind notices being rewarded for an activity, and assumes
this is the reason you're doing it. Extrinsic motivations replace your
intrinsic ones, and the intrinsic motivations fade.</p>
<p>But then, the extrinsic rewards only come when the project is complete...</p>
<p>
So with no intrinsic motivation to sustain you, making progress on your projects
becomes a boring drudgery. You lose interest over time, and eventually give up.</p>
<p>
If you have trouble finishing your projects, probably your
intrinsic motivations have been replaced with extrinsic ones, leaving no
motivation to sustain you while working on your project.</p>
<p>You'll need to fix that.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWC03')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWC03">
<h2>Defining your motivations</h2>
<p>
To refocus on intrinsic motivations, start by writing them down.</p>
<p>
On a piece of paper, list all the motivations you have for your project.</p>
<p>Put the internal motivations in four sections at the top, and keep the external
rewards in a separate section below.</p>
<div>
<img class="ImageLeft" alt="Pad with motivations" src="images/PadFilled.gif">
<div class="RightText">
<h2> </h2>
Do this by hand and not, for example, by typing into a computer.<br> <br>
Writing out longhand will give you a stronger effect, but no one knows
why this is so.<br>
</div>
</div>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWC04')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWC04">
<h2>Homework:</h2>
<p>
Keep your motivation sheet with you today: in your wallet or
pocketbook, beside your monitor, or wherever's convenient.</p>
<p>
When you have spare moments, think about your project and if you think
of more motives, add them to the list.</p>
<p>
Keep the intrinsic motives at the top, and the rewards at the bottom, though.
You'll see why at the next lesson.</p>
<div>
<img class="ImageLeft" alt="Pad with motivations" src="images/PadMessy.gif">
<div class="RightText">
<h2> </h2>
It's OK to make a mess while adding motivations, just try to make a
complete list.
<br>
</div>
</div>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="LessonDone()">Done ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWD00">
<h2>Homework turn-in</h2>
<p>Last time you were asked to make a project motivation list.</p>
<p>Have you completed this task?</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="No" onclick="NavID('TWD01')">Yes, I did ›</a></p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Yes" onclick="WaitHW()">No, I didn"t have time ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWD01">
<h2>Actions can change Beliefs</h2>
<p>Your actions can change your beliefs.</p>
<p>In one study researchers had two groups perform a boring
task for an hour. Subjects from the first group were then asked to convince
another person (an actor) that the task was interesting and engaging, while
the second group acted as a control.</p>
<p>
Curiously, subjects who tried to convince a third person that the task was
actually interesting rated the tasks less boring than the subjects in the
control group.</p>
<p>
Their brains noticed a disconnect between their beliefs and their actions, and
changed their beliefs to become consistent.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWD02')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWD02">
<h2>Concordant self-image</h2>
<p>
In another study, when participants were asked to give an impromptu speech supporting
an opinion they disagreed with, their private opinion moved closer to the opinion in the
speech.</p>
<p>
Again, it seems that their brains noticed the disconnect between what they believed and
how they acted, and changed beliefs to make a more consistent self image.</p>
<p>
Your brain tries to maintain a concordant self-image. When your actions are
inconsistent with your beliefs, your mind will change beliefs to match your actions.
<p>You can use this effect to change your project motivations.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWD03')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWD03">
<h2>Taking action</h2>
<p>
Fold up the bottom of your motivation list so that it covers the extrinsic
rewards. Cover the entire rewards section, so that you can see none of it,
and crease the fold with your fingernail.</p>
<p>Tape the fold so it won't reopen.</p>
<div>
<img class="ImageLeft" alt="Pad with motivations" src="images/PadFolded.gif">
<div class="RightText">
<br>
As you do this, consider the hidden rewards and think:
<span class="Bolder"><em>"I won't worry about these right now."</em></span><br><br>
Close the flap, and really think this and believe it.<br><br>
The rewards are still there, you haven't deleted them, but right now you
can't see them. Tell yourself you'll focus on the goals you <em>can</em> see.
</div>
</div>
<h2> </h2>
Take a few moments to think about the remaining (visible) motives.
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWD04')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWD04">
<h2> </h2>
<p>
Now think about the end of your project and write the conditions for completion
on the flap.</p>
<h2> </h2>
<div>
<img class="ImageLeft" alt="Pad completed" src="images/PadCompleted.gif">
<div class="RightText">
Put the list where you can see it occasionally:
on your desk, next to the
monitor, taped to the refrigerator, anywhere you will see it from time
to time.
</div>
</div>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="LessonDone()">Done ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWE00">
<h2>Mantras</h2>
<p>The concordant self-image technique uses actions to change your project beliefs.
<br> <br>
Masking the rewards portion of your list will help change your beliefs,
but this is only one action.</p>
<div>
<img class="ImageLeft" alt="Pad completed" src="images/PadCompleted.gif">
<div class="RightText">
<br>
You can get a stronger effect by using more actions.<br> <br>
We do this by adding a mantra: a word or phrase recited during the day to
reinforce the motivational beliefs.
</div>
</div>
<p>
Mantras get a lot of bad press, and probably for good reason. They are used for
all sorts of vague and sketchy reasons, with a strong mystical component.
<br> <br>
We won't be doing anything mystical, just adding an action to help
your self-image become concordant. Concordant with a maker who enjoys
the process.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWE01')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWE01">
<h2>Homework</h2>
<p>
Look over your motivation list and think of a mantra that will reinforce
your self-image. Something that speaks to you, something you like.</p>
<p>
Nothing long, just a couple of words. It can be generic,
such as "I enjoy the process", or specific to your project such as "I love
writing detective novels".</p>
<div>
<img class="ImageLeft" alt="Pad completed" src="images/PadMantra.gif">
<div class="RightText">
Use personal pronouns and put your verb in present tense. Starting with "I"
is typical.<br> <br>
A mantra should also be positive, in the logical sense. don't say "I don't"
or "I won't", brains have a harder time with inverted logic.
Phrase it in terms of what you <em>will</em> do, instead of what you won't.
<br> <br>
For a stronger effect, write it out.
</div>
</div>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWE02')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWE02">
<h2> </h2>
<p>
Over the course of the next day as you have spare moments, recite
your mantra to yourself. Do this frequently, and try to
visualize yourself living up to the intent.
<br> <br>
This will encourage the concordant self-image process.
<br> <br>
If you like, along with repeating your mantra you can write it out
a couple of times during the day. Writing the mantra has a stronger
effect than simply repeating it, but no one knows why this is.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="LessonDone()">Done ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWF00">
<h2>Homework turn-in</h2>
<p>Last time you were asked to create a mantra to help change your project motives.</p>
<p>Have you completed this task?</p>
<div id="TWF00a">
<p><a class="Cont" title="Yes" onclick="HideUnHide('TWF00a','TWF00b')">Yes, I did ›</a></p><br>
<p><a class="Cont" title="No" onclick="WaitHW()">No, I didn't have time ›</a></p>
</div>
<div id="TWF00b" class="Hidden">
<p> </p>
<p>
Keep thinking and repeating (and writing) your mantra during the course,
until you feel you no longer need it. You can also change your mantra or use
more than one.</p>
<p>
This method works for a wide range of beliefs, so if you want to improve in
other ways this is one way to do that.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWF01')">Continue ›</a></p>
</div>
</article>
<article id="TWF01">
<h2>Motivational focus</h2>
<p>
Intrinsic motivations work well for creative tasks, and extrinsic motivations
(rewards) work well for dull, repetitive tasks.</p>
<p>
Some projects are a mixture of both.</p>
<p>
For example, a car project might end with wet-sanding and painting.
Sanding and painting might not be as interesting as the engine rebuild.</p>
<p>
An electronics project might be followed by video editing and dubbing sessions
for a YouTube channel.</p>
<p>
And after creating a beautiful ceramic piece, a tedious session of photographing,
writeup, pricing, and listing may be required.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWF02')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWF02">
<h2> </h2>
<p>If your project has a boring part at the end, you can change the endpoint of your
project.</p>
<p>
Place your motivation list on top of an empty sheet of paper, and fold the bottom up
over the existing end point. Write in a new end point up to, but not including, the
boring bits that come at the end.</p>
<div>
<img class="ImageLeft" alt="Pad completed" src="images/PadNewEnd.gif">
<div class="RightText">
<br>
As before, tape the flap shut and tell yourself you won't worry about those tasks.
<br> <br>
Look over the list for a few moments to let that sink in.
</div>
</div>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="NavID('TWF03')">Continue ›</a></p>
</article>
<article id="TWF03">
<h2> </h2>
<p>
You can also try switching motivations. This can work if a long, boring task
comes in the middle. When you reach the boring task, switch from intrinsic motivations
to extrinsic ones.</p>
<p>
Promise yourself a reward for successful completion: go out to dinner, eat a bowl of ice cream,
take a walk in the park - whatever you enjoy, use that as a reward for finishing the
boring section.</p>
<p>
Keep your task motivations separate. Any overlap between the rewards and
the enjoyment will reduce your enjoyment.</p>
<p>
Be clear with yourself that the rewards are for completing the task, and not for
the entire project. Think about the rest of the project in terms of intrinsic enjoyment.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Continue" onclick="LessonDone()">Done ›</a></p>
</article>
<!-- Getting back to your project ################################################################################## -->
<article id="RST00">
<h2>Restarting your project</h2>
<p>
At some point during this program you may feel the urge to get back into your project.</p>
<p>
When that happens, go for it!</p>
<p>
Don't wait until the end of this course to continue your project, you'll get a stronger effect
if you're working on something while learning about motivation.</p>
<p>
Take a moment to imagine yourself working on your project. Try and see yourself taking up where
you left off, doing the next tasks, planning the next steps... whatever comes next in your project.</p>
<p>
Visualize yourself doing this before the end of tomorrow night. See yourself today, or tonight, or tomorrow,
or tomorrow night getting back to your project. Try to visualize this as clearly as you can, for
several seconds.</p>
<p><a class="Cont" title="Done" onclick="LessonDone()">Done ›</a></p>
</article>
<!-- Neurochemistry of motivation ################################################################################## -->
<article id="NCA00">
<h2>The neurochemistry of motivation</h2>
<p>
Knowing the neurochemistry of motivation can help. Knowing how things work and how they
interrelate will help you make informed decisions about your motivation.</p>
<p>
The next few lessons describe, in broad terms, how the brain manages motivation
using neurotransmitters and neuroreceptors.</p>
<p>
The scientific literature for neurochemistry has changed since the author first
learned it 10 years ago. It's also wildly complex, and there's no consensus.</p>
<p>
What follows is believed to be accurate for <em>what</em> happens and can be used
for illustration and planning, but the names might be wrong.</p>
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</article>
<article id="NCA01">
<h2>Neurotransmitters and neuroreceptors</h2>
<p>Neurotransmitters are chemicals that one neuron uses to signal another. </p>
<p class="NoTop">
This happens at a special point called a synapse, where one neuron
almost touches another. When the neuron wants to send a signal, it
releases neurotransmitter molecules at the synapse, which diffuse to the
other neuron and bind to corresponding receptors.</p>
<div>
<img class="BigImageLeft" alt="Synapse diagram" src="images/Synapse.gif">
<div class="RightText1">
<br>
It's sort of like ringing a desk bell. Sending neurotransmitter molecules
through the synapse alerts the target neuron.<br> <br>
After the signal is delivered, the molecules drift back to the source neuron
where they are collected and stored for future signaling.
</div>
</div>
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<article id="NCA02">
<h2> </h2>
<p>
The brain uses over 100 different neurotransmitters, but we only need to
know about three: norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.<br> <br>
The brain uses these for effort, enjoyment, and reward.</p>
<br>
<table class="CenterDiv"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>Norepinephrine</td><td> </td>
<td> is </td><td> </td>
<td class="Bold">Effort</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dopamine</td><td> </td>
<td> is </td><td> </td>
<td class="Bold">Enjoyment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Serotonin</td><td> </td>
<td> is </td><td> </td>
<td class="Bold">Reward</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2> </h2>
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<article id="NCA03">
<h2>Norepinephrine is effort</h2>
<p>The first neurotransmitter of interest is norepinephrine, the neurotransmitter of effort.</p>
<p>
You may have heard of epinephrine, also known as adrenaline (two words for the same
substance). It's the chemical in
<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine_autoinjector">EpiPens</a>
used to treat severe allergic reaction.</p>
<p>
Epinephrine is released when you're afraid or angry, and
causes your heart to race, your blood pressure to
rise, and releases glucose into the blood for quick energy.
It prepares your body (and mind) for a jolt of activity:
fight or flight, something you might have to do to survive.</p>
<p>
Nor-epinephrine, also known as
nor-adrenaline (again: two words, same substance),
is a weaker version used for day-to-day actions. Each time you decide
to do (or not to do) something, your brain uses norepinephrine/noradrenaline.</p>
<p>If you've heard the expression "burning the candle at both ends", nor-epinephrine is