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<p>Volatile [ˈvɑːlətl]，中文解释：反复无常的，易变的，不稳定的。<br>volatile的本意是告诉编译器，此变量的值是易变的，每次读写该变量的值时务必从该变量的内存地址中读取或写入，不能为了效率使用对一个“临时”变量的读写来代替对该变量的直接读写。编译器看到了volatile关键字，就一定会生成内存访问指令，每次读写该变量就一定会执行内存访问指令直接读写该变量。若是没有volatile关键字，编译器为了效率，只会在循环开始前使用读内存指令将该变量读到寄存器中，之后在循环内都是用寄存器访问指令来操作这个“临时”变量，在循环结束后再使用内存写指令将这个寄存器中的“临时”变量写回内存。在这个过程中，如果内存中的这个变量被别的因素（其他线程、中断函数、信号处理函数、DMA控制器、其他硬件设备）所改变了，就产生数据不一致的问题。</p>
<p>volatile关键字在用C语言编写嵌入式软件里面用得很多，不使用volatile关键字的代码比使用volatile关键字的代码效率要高一些，但就无法保证数据的一致性。<br>在Java中，volatile 会确保我们对于这个变量的读取和写入，都一定会同步到主内存里，而不是从 Cache 里面读取。<br>
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<h3 id="1-什么是异或运算"><a href="#1-什么是异或运算" class="headerlink" title="1. 什么是异或运算"></a>1. 什么是异或运算</h3><p>异或，英文为<strong>exclusive OR</strong>，缩写成xor。<br>异或（xor）是一个数学运算符。它应用于逻辑运算。异或的数学符号为“⊕”，计算机符号为“xor”。如果a、b两个值不相同，则异或结果为1。如果a、b两个值相同，异或结果为0。</p>
<p>异或也叫<strong>半加运算</strong>，其运算法则相当于不带进位的二进制加法：二进制下用1表示真，0表示假，则异或的运算法则为：<strong>0⊕0=0，1⊕0=1，0⊕1=1，1⊕1=0</strong>（同为0，异为1），这些法则与加法是相同的，只是<strong>不带进位</strong>，所以异或常被认作不进位加法。<br>
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<p>下面的装饰器clock会打印函数的运行时间</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># descrbe.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> functools</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">clock</span><span class="params">(func)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"""this is outer clock function"""</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta"> @functools.wraps(func) # --> 4</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">clocked</span><span class="params">(*args, **kwargs)</span>:</span> <span class="comment"># -- 1</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"""this is inner clocked function"""</span></span><br><span class="line"> start_time = time.time()</span><br><span class="line"> result = func(*args, **kwargs) <span class="comment"># --> 2</span></span><br><span class="line"> time_cost = time.time() - start_time</span><br><span class="line"> print(func.__name__ + <span class="string">" func time_cost -> {}"</span>.format(time_cost))</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> result</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> clocked <span class="comment"># --> 3</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@functools.lru_cache() # --> 5</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@clock # --> 6</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">fib</span><span class="params">(n)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"""this is fibonacci function"""</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> n <span class="keyword">if</span> n < <span class="number">2</span> <span class="keyword">else</span> fib(n - <span class="number">1</span>) + fib(n - <span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">"__main__"</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 如果有 @functools.wraps(func) # --> 4 大多数情况下我们希望的输出是这样的</span></span><br><span class="line"> fib(<span class="number">1</span>) <span class="comment"># 输出 fib func time_cost -> 9.5367431640625e-07</span></span><br><span class="line"> print(fib.__name__) <span class="comment"># 输出 fib</span></span><br><span class="line"> print(fib.__doc__) <span class="comment"># 输出 this is fibonacci function</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 如果没有@functools.wraps(func) # --> 4</span></span><br><span class="line"> fib(<span class="number">1</span>) <span class="comment"># 输出 fib func time_cost -> 9.5367431640625e-07</span></span><br><span class="line"> print(fib.__name__) <span class="comment"># 输出 clocked</span></span><br><span class="line"> print(fib.__doc__) <span class="comment"># 输出 this is inner clocked function</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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